锂电池热管理研究进展

doi:10.61558/2993-074X.3526

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目前，新能源技术高速发展，储能系统广泛应用，锂离子电池在其中占据着主导地位，因此通过热管理技术保障其使用性能、安全性并延长使用寿命也至关重要。本文首先综述了锂电池热失控的诱因，并根据近年来相关文献对比了常用的三种锂电池热管理技术，即空气冷却、液体冷却和相变材料冷却。空气冷却技术因其结构简单、成本较低而被广泛研究，但控温效果较差。液体冷却技术通过液体介质的循环来带走热量，具有较好的冷却效果，但系统相对复杂。相变材料（PCM）冷却技术利用相变材料的高潜热来吸收和释放热量，能有效降低电池的峰值温度并提高温度均匀性，但导热系数低和液体泄漏是其主要问题。综上所述，锂电池热管理技术正朝着更高效、更安全和成本效益更高的方向发展。耦合冷却系统，如结合液体冷却和相变材料冷却的方法，显示出巨大的潜力。未来的研究将继续探索新的材料和技术，以满足社会和市场对锂电池性能和安全性的日益增长的需求。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 热失控, 热管理系统, 相变材料, 空气冷却, 液体冷却

Abstract:

Nowadays, new energy technologies are developing rapidly, energy storage systems are widely used, and lithium-ion batteries occupy a dominant position among them. Therefore, it is also very important to ensure their performance, safety and service life through thermal management technology. In this paper, the causes of thermal runaway of lithium batteries are reviewed firstly, and three commonly used thermal management technologies, namely, air cooling, liquid cooling and phase change material cooling, are compared according to relevant literature in recent years. Air cooling technology has been widely studied because of its simple structure and low cost, but its temperature control effect is poor. Liquid cooling technology takes away heat through the circulation of liquid medium, which has a good cooling effect, but the system is relatively complex. Phase change material (PCM) cooling technology uses the high latent heat of PCM to absorb and release heat, which can effectively reduce the peak temperature of a battery and improve the temperature uniformity, but the low thermal conductivity and liquid leakage are its main problems. To sum up, lithium-ion battery thermal management technology is moving towards a more efficient, safer and cost-effective direction. Coupled cooling systems, such as those combining liquid cooling and phase change material cooling, show great potential. Future research will continue to explore new materials and technologies to meet the growing demands of society and the market for lithium-ion battery performance and safety.

Key words: Lithium-ion battery, thermal runaway, thermal management system, phase change material, air cooling, liquid cooling

李宏达, 沈秋婉, 张朝阳, 赵新悦, 魏源, 李世安. 锂电池热管理研究进展[J]. 电化学（中英文）, 2025, 31(7): 2411161-2411161.

Hong-Da Li, Qiu-Wan Shen, Zhao-Yang Zhang, Xin-Yue Zhao, Yuan Wei, Shi-An Li. Research Progress on Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries[J]. Journal of Electrochemistry, 2025, 31(7): 2411161-2411161.

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链接本文: https://electrochem.xmu.edu.cn/CN/10.61558/2993-074X.3526

https://electrochem.xmu.edu.cn/CN/Y2025/V31/I7/2411161

图/表 15

Year	Author	Research findings	Research method	Test discharge rate	T_max
2016	Lu[24]	To explore the air cooling capability on the temperature uniformity and hotspots mitigation of a compact battery pack subject to various air flow paths, airflow rates	simulation	—	—
2018	Hong[17]	The cooling performance of parallel air-cooled BTMS was improved by using secondary vents	simulation	5C	Decreased by 5°C
2018	Chen[19]	The battery spacing of the parallel air-cooling BTMS was optimized	simulation	5C	Decreased by 3K
2018	Zhao[25]	The influences of cooling channel size and air supply strategy on the thermal behavior of the battery pack were investigated	simulation	—	—
2019	Yu[20]	A staggered battery pack consisting of three battery modules was developed	simulation and experimentation	0.5C	28.4°C
2019	Zhou[26]	A novel cooling strategy based on air distribution pipe was proposed for cylindrical lithium-ion battery modules	simulation and experimentation	3C	305.7K
2019	Wu[27]	The cooling efficiency of the air-cooled BTMS was improved through designing the flow pattern of the system.	simulation	5C	Decreased by 4.5K
2020	Wen[21]	The novel radiator with bionic surface structure was proposed and applied to battery module cooled by an axial air-cooled BTM system	simulation and experimentation	3C	308K
2020	Li[28]	Analyze and improve the cooling effect of the battery cells in the U-type air-cooling BTMS	simulation	—	—
2021	Wang[29]	A new method was proposed to improve the cooling performance of the BTMS by proposing a parallel plate mounting method, and the airflow distribution of the battery pack could be effectively improved	simulation	—	—
2021	Yi[22]	An air-cooled T-type BTMS was designed based on traditional U-type and Z-type.	simulation and experimentation	2.5C	Decreased by 2.2%
2022	Sahin[30]	A new design method for cylindrical batteries was provided	simulation and experimentation	—	—
2022	Liu[31]	A comprehensive optimization scheme with secondary outlet and baffle was proposed.	simulation and experimentation	2.5C	Decreased by 2.17°C
2023	Hasan[23]	Based on the conventional BTMS with Z- and U-Type structures, several new BTMS with the direction of the exit area parallel to the cooling channel have been designed	simulation	—	—
2024	Zhang[32]	New Hook-type BTMS have been designed for a study	simulation	—	—

Year	Author	Research findings	Research method			T_max
2013	Jin[34]	A new ultra-thin microchannel liquid cold plate for thermal management of EV batteries was designed	experimentation		—	—
2016	Rao[41]	A type of liquid cooling method based on mini-channel cold-plate is used	simulation and experimentation		5 C	35.2 °C
2017	Han[33]	A L16 (44) array was selected to design 16 models for parametrization to identify the main and secondary factors, and then the optimal combination model was found	simulation		2 C	303.6 K
2019	Sheng[42]	A novel serpentine-channel liquid cooling plate with double inlets and outlets was developed for better managing an undesirable temperature distribution of a cell module	simulation		3/5/7 C	All below 36 °C
2019	Darcovich[35]	Investigated Ice plates (flush with cell face) and Cold plates (bottom surface of cell)	simulation		—	—
2019	Chung[36]	A thermal model for the pouch battery pack with liquid cooling is developed for thermal analysis of various pack designs	simulation		—	—
2019	Zhou[43]	A novel cooling strategy based on the half-helical duct is proposed for the cylindrical lithium-ion battery module	simulation and experimentation		5 C	30.5-30.9 °C
2020	Wang[44]	A novel modular liquid-cooled BTMS for cylindrical lithium ion cells was designed	simulation		3 C	37.67 °C
2021	Wen[38]	The honeycomb-like BTMS integrated liquid cooling and PCM cooling was designed	simulation	Discharge current of 32.2 A		309.15 K
2022	Gao[45]	A novel gradient channel-based design of liquid-cooled BTMS is proposed	simulation and experimentation	2 C		36.4 °C
2023	Lv[46]	A novel liquid cooling plate with a square spiral ring channel was designed	simulation and experimentation	2 C		33.63 °C
2023	Wei[47]	A novel butterfly-shaped cooling channel was designed	simulation and experimentation	2 C		30.86 °C
2024	Sui[48]	A BTMS consists of hybrid manifold channels is proposed	simulation	3 C		Under 45 °C
2024	Chen[39]	An effective Multi-U-Style channel structure in a liquid cooling plate is proposed	simulation	6 C		297.2 K

Year	Author	Research findings	Research method	Test discharge rate	T_max
2015	Zhang[52]	A special aluminum needle-fin radiator was analyzed	simulation	—	—
2016	Jiang[53]	The thermal management performance of CPCM with different mass fractions of expanded graphite （EG） was investigated	simulation and experimentation	5 C	All below 50 °C
2016	Hussain [54]	An efficient thermal management system for high-power lithium-ion batteries based on a new composite material (nickel foam-paraffin wax) was designed	simulation and experimentation	2 C	31% and 24% reductions compared with natural convection and pure PCM, respectively
2017	Pan[55]	copper fiber/paraffin CPCM was prepared based on solid-phase sintering technology	experimentation	Discharge current 35 A	50% reduction compared to natural air cooling
2017	Zhang[56]	The thermal performance of the battery heat dissipation structure with longitudinal fins and PCM was studied	simulation and experimentation	—	—
2018	Zou[57]	Synergetic enhancement heat transfer using graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotubes （MWCNT） was put forward	simulation and experimentation	—	—
2018	Buonomo[58]	A PCM with metal foam was numerically investigated	simulation	—	—
2018	Lazrak [59]	A solution to enhance heat transfer inside the PCM by copper dutch weave was developed	simulation and experimentation	—	—
2019	Weng[60]	An optimized PCM module combined with various fins was designed	simulation and experimentation	1C	29.1 °C
2020	Choudhari[61]	Analysis of different fin structures in PCM-based BTMS	simulation	2/3 C	2.38% lower than pure PCM. And 9.28% lower than that.
2021	Zhang[62]	A PCM-based thermal management module is built, then its numerical model is established and validated by experimental data	simulation	—	—
2021	Ling[63]	A BTMS based on inorganic PCM was proposed	experimentation	2 C	52.3 °C
2021	Rajan[64]	The application of 1-Tetradecanol as a PCM in a BTMS was studied	simulation	2 C	316 K
2023	Huang [65]	A large size 3D graphene sponge CPCM has been developed	simulation	1 C	22-27 °C
2024	He[66]	A novel MOF based CPCM was developed in a BTMS	simulation	3 C	61.38 °C
2024	Zhang[67]	Inhibition of thermal runaway propagation by high-strength hydrogels was studied	experimentation	—	—

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