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Fig. 6. Simulation results of ionic currents in APT/AAO and APT/MOF/AAO. (a) COMSOL modeling diagram of the potential distribution within nanochannels during testing. (b, c) I-V curves before and after binding to the target for APT/AAO and APT/MOF/AAO, respectively. The current increases after APT/AAO and APT/MOF/AAO bind to the targets. (d) Amplification of ion current ratio graphs after the target recognition by APT/AAO and APT/MOF/AAO. The increase in ion current after recognition of the target by APT/MOF/AAO is much larger than that by APT/AAO.
Fig. 5. Schematic diagrams showing the sensing mechanisms of APT/AAO and APT/MOF/AAO. (a) Process of aptamer-modified nanochannel recognition of Sr²⁺. Before the target is recognized, the aptamer is stretched to clog the nanochannels (Closed), after binding to the target, the aptamer is induced by Sr²⁺, and the aptamer folds into a G-quadruplex structure to open the nanochannel (Open). As a result, the nanopore diameter changes from d to d+∆d. (b, c) Side views of the APT/AAO and APT/MOF/AAO detection processes, respectively. The results indicate that the APT/MOF/AAO has higher sensitivity than the APT/AAO due to the synergistic effect of 2D nanosheets and specific probes.
Table 1. Recovery of Sr²⁺in real water samples based on APT/MOF/AAO
Fig. 4. Sensitivity and specificity of ATP/AAO and ATP/MOF/AAO detections for Sr²⁺. (a) I-V curves before and after APT/MOF/AAO responses to 100 nmol·L^-1 Sr²⁺. After exposure to Sr²⁺, the APT/MOF/AAO exhibited an increase in ionic current. (b) The relationship plots between the increase in ionic current and the logarithm of Sr²⁺ concentration (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 nmol·L^-1) for APT/AAO and APT/MOF/AAO. (c, d) Specificity plots of nanochannels with APT/AAO and APT/MOF/AAO for Sr²⁺ as well as three analogues, including K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Ba²⁺. APT/MOF/AAO demonstrates greatly improve the detection sensitivity and specificity of Sr²⁺.
Fig. 3. XPS spectra of AAO, MOF, and ATP/MOF/AAO. (a) Survey spectra of bare AAO, MOF and ATP/MOF/AAO. (b, c) The narrow spectra near the O1s peak for MOF and APT/MOF/AAO. (d) The narrow spectra near the P2p peak for MOF and APT/MOF/AAO. (e, f) The narrow spectra near the N1s peak for MOF and APT/MOF/AAO. The above results show that the aptamers were successfully grafted onto MOF to form APT/MOF/AAO.
Fig. 2. AFM images and pore size analyses of nanochannels. (a, b) 2D and 3D AFM images of AAO, respectively. (c, d) 2D and 3D AFM images of MOF, respectively. The results further confirm that the MOF nanosheets were successfully grown on the outer surfaces of AAO.
Fig. 1. SEM images of AAO and MOF. (a, b) Top and side views of AAO, respectively. (c, d) Top and side views of MOF, respectively. The images demonstrate the successful in-situ growth of the ligand TCPP on AAO, forming the MOF modified nanochannels and effectively reducing the diameter of the AAO.
Scheme 1. Schematic diagram of the principle for the aptasensor. It describes the construction of two sensing systems, APT/AAO and APT/MOF/AAO, as well as the process of target identification.
Figure 4 (a) LSV curves of TCPPCo-MOF and TCPPCo-MOF-CNT by RRDE, (b) Koutecky-Levich plots determining the average electron transfer number (n=3.65) of TCPPCo-MOF-CNT, (c) durability test of TCPPCo-MOF-CNT, (d) power density and polarization curves of the TCPPCo-MOF-CNT. (RRDE measurements were carried out in Ar-saturated or O₂-saturated 0.01 mol·L^-1 PBS (Phosphate Buffer Saline, pH=7) solution at a scan rate of 10 mV·s^-1).
Figure 3 (a) N₂ isothermal adsorption-desorption curves of TCPPCo-MOF and TCPPCo-MOF-CNT, (b) Pore size distribution curves for TCPPCo-MOF and TCPPCo-MOF-CNT assessed by nonlocal density functional theory (NLDFT).
Figure 2 (a) and (b) SEM images of TCPPCo-MOF-CNT, (c) and (d) TEM images of TCPPCo-MOF-CNT, (e-j) the element distribution mapping of catalyst TCPPCo-MOF-CNT, (f) yellow represents Zr element, (g) cyan represents O element, (h) orange represents N element, (i) green represents Co element and (j) red represents C element.
Figure 1. (a) FTIR spectra of TCPPCo, TCPPCo-MOF and TCPPCo-MOF-CNT, (b) X-ray diffraction patterns of TCPPCo-MOF and TCPPCo-MOF-CNT, (c) High-resolution N1s XPS spectra and (d) High-resolution Co 2p XPS spectra of TCPPCo-MOF and TCPPCo-MOF-CNT.
Scheme 2. Illustration of synthesis the TCPPCo precursor.
Scheme 1. Illustration of the fabrication process for TCPPCo-MOF-CNT catalyst.
Figure 5 Comparison of Li-S batteries with S/C or SPAN cathodes.
Figure 4 Optimizing strategies for SPAN cathodes. (a) Electrode structure modification^[68]. Reproduced with permission from Ref ^[68]. Copyright 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Morphology regulation by co-polymerization^[62]. Reproduced with permission from Ref ^[62]. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (c) Heteroatom doping at molecular level^[65]. Reproduced with permission from Ref ^[65]. Copyright 2019 Elsevier. (d) Extrinsic redox mediation^[61]. Reproduced with permission from Ref ^[61]. Copyright 2020 Wiley.
Table 1 Summary of advanced Li-S battery performances with S/C or SPAN cathodes.
Figure 3 Optimizing strategies for S/C cathodes. (a) Electrode structure modification^[39]. Reproduced with permission from Ref ^[39]. Copyright 2022 Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Efficient electrocatalyst design^[40]. Reproduced with permission from Ref ^[40]. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. (c) Redox comediation^[41]. Reproduced with permission from Ref ^[41]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier.
Figure 2 Schematic illustration of cathodic reactions and charge-discharge profiles in Li-S batteries with (a)-(b) S/C cathodes or (c)-(d) SPAN cathodes.
Figure 1 A brief timeline about the development of S/C and SPAN cathodes in Li-S batteries.

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