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Fig. 5. (a) HOR polarization curves of E-Pt-CNT@SnO₂, Pt-CNT@SnO₂ and commercial Pt/C in H₂-saturated 0.1 mol·L^-1 HClO₄ (rotating speed, 1600 rpm; scan rate, 5 mV· s⁻¹). (b) Micro region (-0.01 V - 0.01 V) of polarization curves. (c) Tafel plots of the kinetic current densities. (d) Comparison of mass and specific activities. (e) chronoamperometric curves with 10,000 ppm CO.
Fig. 4. In-situ Raman spectra of (a) CNT@SnO₂ and (b)Pt-CNT@SnO₂. (c) Planar average charge density along the z-axis of Pt-SnO₂. Projected crystal orbital Hamilton population (pCOHP) graphs for the Sn-O interaction in (d) defected SnO₂ and (e) Sn-Internal O in defected SnO₂ loaded with Pt.
Fig. 3. (a) CO-stripping curves of Pt/C, Pt-CNT@SnO₂ and E-Pt-CNT@SnO₂in 0.1 mol·L^-1 HClO₄ (scan rate: 20 mV·s⁻¹). The solid and dotted lines represent the data from the first and second cycles, respectively. (b) Comparison of ECSA calculated from different methods for Pt/C, Pt-CNT@SnO₂ and E-Pt-CNT@SnO₂. (c) Schematic illustration of the selective permeability of encapsulation layer due to the electrochemical-induced SMSI.
Fig. 2. (a) HAADF-STEM images of E-Pt-CNT@SnO₂ for (a) bright field and (b) dark field. EDS-elemental mappings of (c) Pt, (d) Sn and (e) mix sample. (f) High-resolution Pt 4f XPS spectra and (g) composition plots of the Pt(0), Pt(II) and Pt(IV) for E-Pt-CNT@SnO₂ and Pt-CNT@SnO₂.
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthetic route to E-Pt-CNT@SnO₂. HRTEM images of (b) CNT@SnO₂, (c) Pt-CNT@SnO₂, and (d) E-Pt-CNT@SnO₂. Insets in (c-d): statistical distribution plots of Pt particle size. (e) XRD patterns of the CNT@SnO₂, Pt-CNT@SnO₂, and E-Pt-CNT@SnO₂. (f) CV curves for the process of the electrochemical-induced SMSI.
Figure 7 (a) Schematic diagram of a Zn symmetric cell with Ti spacer. (b) Comparison of cycle life curves for Zn symmetric cells. Cross-sectional SEM images of zinc electrodeposition on a copper substrate show distinct morphologies under different conditions. Reproduced with the authors’ permission of ref. [14] Copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry. Zinc plating images at (c) low current density and (e) high current density exhibit different structural features. After zinc plating/stripping cycles, the samples reveal (d) the morphology at low current density and (f) the morphology at high current density. Top-sectional SEM images and corresponding elemental mapping further highlight the differences in zinc plating morphology at (g) low current density and (h) high current density. Reproduced with the authors’ permission of ref. [105]. Copyright 2024, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Figure 6 (a) Solvation structure analyses by space-resolution operando component analyses by Raman spectroscopy and micro-infrared spectroscopy and optical microscopy of zinc anodes in (b) pristine ZnSO₄ electrolyte and (c) zeolite-modified electrolyte. Reproduced with the authors’ permission of ref. [103]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH.
Figure 5. (a) Loading curves of different separators under uniaxial elongation. (b) Tearing toughness of separators. (c) SEM images and EDS mappings of the ZSH-rich composite layer on the VVLP separator. Reproduced with the authors’ permission of ref. [96]. Copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) Schematic construction of the GF and PTFE. (e) PTFE and GF separators after cycle. Reproduced with the authors’ permission of ref. [21]. Copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Table 3 The comparison of different kinds of separators with various thicknesses and transference numbers
Table 2 Comparison in cycle life of Zn symmetric cells with different additives.
Figure 4. (a) Schematic illustration of the Zn²⁺ solvation shell and interfacial side reactions in WF, GC, and GF electrolytes. Reproduced with the authors’ permission of ref. [66]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. SEM images of deposited Zn in 5 mmol·L^-1THL and 1 mol·L^-1 ZSO using SEM images of (b) Zn and (c) Cu substrate, and (d) XRD patterns after cycling. Reproduced with the authors’ permission of ref. [80]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH.
Figure 3. SEM images of zinc metal deposited in (a) 1 mol·L^-1 and (b) 3 mol·L^-1 ZnSO₄electrolytes at different current densities (1-100 mA·cm^-2). Reproduced with permission of ref. [62]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH.
Figure 2 (a-c) Schematic illustration of the surface evolution of Zn/ZIF-7-Zn. and schematic illustration of highly coordinated ion complexes of H²O-Zn²⁺ OSO₃^2-migrating through MOF channels. Reproduced with the authors’ permission of ref. [43]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. (d, e) The importance of constructing ultrathin crack-free with rigid. Reproduced with the authors’ permission of ref. [57] Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH.
Table 1 Comparison of the performance of different coatings
Figure 1 Strategy of dendrite-free in AZIBs.
Fig. 4. The graphs of (a) publications and (b) citations for machine learning assisted the development of solid-state lithium-ion batteries and solid-state sodium-ion batteries from 2017 to 2023. Data were sourced from the Web of Science, with the keywords “Machine Learning” “solid state electrolytes” “lithium-ion batteries" and "sodium-ion batteries." (c) Common construction patterns for ML models used in materials development. (d) Utilizing additional experimental data to optimize learning behavior and to refine the ML model.
Fig. 3. (a) An illustration of the two modes of Na-ion transport in PEO. (b) The structure of NASICON (Na₃Zr₂PSi₂O₁₂) and two potential migration pathways of Na-ions. (c) A comparison of the ionic conductivity of some solid-state Na-ion conductors with traditional NaPF₆carbonate electrolyte.
Fig. 2. The plots of (a) publications and (b) citations for solid-state lithium-ion batteries and solid-state sodium-ion batteries from 2010 to 2023. Data were sourced from the Web of Science, with the keywords of “solid-state lithium-ion batteries" and "solid-state sodium-ion batteries." The plots of (c) publications and (d) citations for solid-state lithium metal batteries and solid-state sodium metal batteries from 2010 to 2023. Data were sourced from the Web of Science, with the keywords of “solid-state lithium metal batteries" and "solid-state sodium metal batteries."
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the comparison for battery configurations between all-solid-state LIBs and all-solid-state SIBs. (a) The cell configuration when using alkali metals as the anode. (b) The cell configuration when using carbon materials as the anode.
2024 年在海口举办的第二十二次全国电化学大会开幕式上，进行中国电化学青年奖颁奖典礼

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