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Figure 5. Electrochemical performance of the 3.0 V SCs using YP-50F electrodes and the TMF electrolyte. (a) CV curves at different scan rates. (b) GCD curves at different current densities. (c) Specific capacitance at different current densities. (d) Ragone plots for the SCs. (e) Nyquist plot for the SCs. (f) TMF electrolyte applied in pouch-type SCs. Cycling performance at 3.0 V with current densities of (g) 2 A·g^-1 and (h) 5 A·g^-1.
Figure 4. Comparisons of voltage tolerance performance in SCs. CV curves of the SCs using YP-50 electrodes and (a)TMF, (b) TEF, (c) TPF electrolytes at a scan rate of 5 mV·s^-1 at different operation voltages. GCD curves of the SCs using (d)TMF, (e) TEF, (f) TPF electrolytes at a current density of 0.5 A·g^-1. GCD curves of the three-electrode setup using (g)TMF, (h) TEF, (i) TPF electrolytes at 3.0 V.
Figure 3. Solvation structure investigations of electrolytes. Snapshots and most likely solvation structures of (a) TMF, (b) TEF, (c) TPF electrolytes after MD simulations. Radial distribution function curves of the (d) “N_(TMA+_/TEA+_/TPA+₎-O_(PC)”, (g) “N_(FSI-₎-C_(PC)” pairs in different electrolytes. Mean square displacement plots of the (e) “N_(TMA+_/TEA+_/TPA+₎-O_(PC)”, (h) “N_(FSI-₎-C_(PC)” pairs in different electrolytes. (f) Binding energies of the “TMA⁺-PC”, “TEA⁺-PC” and “TPA⁺-PC”, complexes from DFT calculations. (i) Frontier molecular orbital energy levels (HOMO and LUMO) of the “TMA⁺-PC”, “TEA⁺-PC” and “TPA⁺-PC” pairs.
Figure 2. Solvation structure investigations of electrolytes. (a) ¹H NMR spectra, (b) ¹⁹F NMR spectra and (c) FT-IR spectra of the electrolytes. Raman spectra of the characteristic peaks of (d) PC and (e)FSI^-. (f) Relative distribution diagram.
Figure 1. Mechanism design of solvation and physicochemical characterizations of electrolytes. (a) Proposed mechanism diagram of the high-voltage solvation structure. (b) ¹H NMR spectra and (c) ¹⁹F NMR spectra of the electrolytes. (d) Thermogravimetric curve of TMA-FSI electrolyte. (e) Physical appearance of TMA-FSI and TMF. (f) Viscosity and conductivity of the electrolyte. (g) ESW of the electrolyte, obtained from LSV tests at a scan rate of 5 mV·s^-1, with the working electrode: glassy carbon electrode, the reference electrode: Ag/Ag⁺ electrode, and the counter electrode: platinum mesh.
Figure 6. (a) H₂O₂ production rate and the corresponding Faraday efficiency (FE). (b) H₂O₂ production rate under a series of cycles and the corresponding FE. (c) cycle stability and (d, e) methylene blue and rhodamine B (RhB) degradation.
Figure 5. (a) Simulated velocity field and flow rate at the cross-section of Co-NC and (b) Co-N/HPC.
Figure 4. (a) Polarization curves of Co-NC and Co-N/HPC. (b) Corresponding electron transfer number (n) and the H₂O₂ selectivity (H₂O₂%). (c) H₂O₂RR curves of Co-NC recorded in N₂-saturated electrolyte (compared with those of Co-N/HPC in O₂-saturated electrolyte). (d) LSV curves before and after long cycle stability.
Figure 3. (a) XRD, (b) Raman, (c) Co species content, and (d) N species content of Co-NC and Co-N/HPC.
Figure 2. (a-c) TEM and HR-TEM images of Co-NC. (d) TEM image (the insert shows pore size distribution), (e) the corresponding HAADF images and the element mapping, and (f) high resolution HAADF-STEM image of Co-N/HPC.
Figure 1. Schematic of Co-NC and Co-N/HPC synthesis processes.
Fig. 5. H₂/air fuel cell polarization and power density curves for cells employing Pt-MnNC and commercial Pt/C cathodes. (a) Initial performance and (b) comparison before and after ADT under high-humidity conditions (RH: anode 100%, cathode 70%). (c) Initial performance and (d) comparison before and after ADT under low-humidity conditions (RH: anode 50%, cathode 50%). (e) MA retention and (f) cell voltage loss at 0.8  A ·cm^-2 after ADT under high-humidity conditions (RH: anode 100%, cathode 70%).
Fig. 4. RDE-based electrocatalytic ORR activity of Pt-MnNC and commercial Pt/C catalyst. (a) ORR polarization curves, (b) Tafel plots. ORR stability descriptions, (c) MA at 0.9 V vs. RHE before and after every 60,000 potential cycles, (d, g) CV curves, (e, h) ORR polarization curves and (f, i) CO stripping voltammograms.
Fig. 3. (a) XRD pattern of Pt-MnNC. (b) N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms and (c) corresponding pore size distribution curves of MnNC and Pt-MnNC. (d) N 1s XPS spectrum of Pt-MnNC. (e) Pt 4f XPS spectra of Pt-MnNC and commercial Pt/C catalyst. (f) Pt L₃-edge XANES spectra, (g) Pt L₃-edge FT-EXAFS spectra, and (h) Pt L₃-edge k3-weighted wavelet diagrams of Pt-MnNC, Pt foil, and PtO₂.
Fig. 2. Characterization of the morphology and structure of Pt-MnNC. (a) SEM image. Exterior and interior Pt NPs localization characterized through (b) SEM image and (c) STEM image. (d) TEM images. (e) HR-TEM image, (f) HAADF-STEM image, and corresponding EDS mapping images.
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the characteristics of (a) conventional carbon-supported Pt catalyst and (b) novel mesoporous carbon-confined Pt catalyst.
Figure 5. ORR and Zn-air battery performance. (a) LSV curves of the as prepared catalysts at 1600 rpm; (b) H-wave potentials; (c) Tafel plots; (d) Rotating disk voltammogram (RDV) curves of Pd@PdPtCuFe at different rotation rates in 0.1 mol·L^-1 KOH electrolyte; (e) K-L plots; (f) chronoamperometric test; (g) A schematic of the Zn-air battery; (h) Potential and power density curves with Pd@PdPtCuFe and Pt/C+RuO₂ catalyst on an air electrode; (i) Cycling performance at 10 mA·cm⁻² of rechargeable Zn-air batteries.
Figure 4. OER performance. (a) Polarization curves in 1 mol·L^-1 KOH; (b) Overpotentials at 10 and 50 mA·cm⁻²; (c) Corresponding Tafel plots; (d) Polarization curves normalized to ECSA; (e) Electrochemical impedance spectra; (f) Durability test of Pd@PdPtCuFe/C at 10 mA·cm⁻².
Figure 3. HER performance. (a) Polarization curves in 1 mol·L^-1 KOH; (b) Overpotential histograms at 10 and 100 mA·cm^-2; (c) Tafel slopes; (d) C_dl; (e) Specific activity; (f) Electrochemical impedance spectra; (g) Mass activity; (h) Stability test at 10 mA·cm^-2.
Figure 2. (a) Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of the multimetallic alloy catalysts; (b) Magnified view of panel (a); (c) XPS of Pd 3d; (d) XPS of Pt 4f; (e) Cu 2p of Pd@PdPtCu and Pd@PdPtCuFe. (f) Fe 2p of Pd@PdPtCuFe.

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