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Figure 10. Impacts of Availability Levels on Cost and Efficiency. (a) Levy Flight Optimization, (b) Archimedean Optimization, (c) Quantum Gorilla Optimization
Figure 9. Convergence curves of all algorithms for different combinations.
Figure 8. Power-time curves of all components of the system under climatic conditions. (a) total PV output, (b) Temperature, (c) Wind speed, (d) Load demand and (e) Irradiance
Figure 7. (a) Daily power PV production; (b) Daily power electrolyzer production
Table 4. Summary of the configurations and results for the Electrolyzer-PV integration study
Figure 6. (a) Operating points of optimum electrolyzer systems at different Irradiance of PV system I-V characteristics. (b) Operating points of optimum electrolyzer systems at different Irradiance of PV system P-V Characteristics
Table 3. Geographic coordinates and climatic information on the sites
Figure 5. (a) Three photovoltaic plants in Beni Mellal. (b) Detailed properties of the PV panels
Figure 4. Quantum Gorilla Optimization
Figure 3. Archimedean Optimization Process
Figure 2. Levy Flight Optimization (LFO) Process
Table 2. Properties of all components on specifications of inverters.
Figure 1. Off-grid hybrid power supply system.
Table 1. Comparison of common optimization methods for hybrid renewable energy system design and their performance characteristics
Figure 5. Structural evolution and energy storage mechanism of the DPQP cathode during the redox process. (a) A GCD curve. (b) Ex-situ FT-IR image, (c) Raman image at various electrochemical states. (d) A GCD curve. Ex-situ XPS spectra of (e) N 1s and (f) Zn 2p during discharge and charge. (g) TEM-EDS of N and Zn elemental distributions of DPQP electrodes at 0.2 V and 1.8 V.
Figure 4. The reaction kinetics of DPQP cathode. (a) CV curves of DPQP at different scan rates and (b) calculated b values. (c) Calculated capacitance/contribution ratios at different scan rates. (d) In-situ EIS curves and (e) DRT result of DPQP. (f) GITT test of DPQP and calculated ionic diffusion coefficients of Zn²⁺. (g) Wide temperature performance at 0.1 A·g^–1 within the temperature from –20 to 60 ℃. (h) Cycling performance of DPQP at 0.5 A·g^–1 at –20 and 60 ℃.
Figure 3. Electrochemical performance. (a) CV curves, (b) GCD curves at 0.1 A g^-1 and (c) corresponding dQ/dV curves of DPP and DPQP. (d) Rate performance and (e) corresponding discharge voltage of DPP and DPQP. (f) The comparison of DPQP and reported cathode materials in capacity, voltage, and energy density. Cycling performance of DPP and DPQP at (g) 0.1 A·g^-1 and (h) 10 A·g^-1.
Figure 2. Materials synthesis and characterization. (a) Synthesis route of DPP and DPQP. (b)¹H NMR spectra, (c) HRMS, (d) XRD patterns, (e) TG analysis curves, (f) FTIR spectra, (g) Tauc-plots (inset shows the UV-Vis DRS spectra), (h) XPS N 1s spectra of DPP and DPQP. (i) SEM image. (j) TEM and corresponding EDS mapping images of DPQP.
Figure 1. Design strategy of high-voltage n-type cathode material. (a) Schematic illustration of molecular engineering on electrochemical performance of organic cathode. (b) LUMO-HOMO energy levels of DPP and DPQP. (c)ESP and (d)Fukui function plots of DPP and DPQP. (e) The IRI isosurface map of DPQP molecules. (f) ELF color-filled mappings of DPP and DPQP.
Figure 4. Electrochemical activity of HzOR: (a) CVs of various catalysts in 0.1 mol·L^-1 NaOH + 50 mmol·L^-1 N₂H₄ at a scanning rate of 50 mV·s^-1. (b) Comparison of onset potentials and current densities at 1.6 V (vs. RHE). (c) LSVs at 5 mV·s^-1 and (d) Tafel lopes on various catalysts. (e) EIS of various samples. (f) Stability test of HzOR on (Co,Ni,Mn,Cu,Zn)O HEO-NTs.

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