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Figure 4. The electrochemical performance of PEC-500||graphite dual carbon DIBs. (a) Charge-discharge curves at 1 C. Inset is the corresponding dQ/dV curve. (b) In-situ XRD patterns of the graphite cathode in dual carbon DIBs. (c) Rate performance and (d) corresponding discharge curves. (e) Cycling performance at 10 C. (f) Photo illustration of pouch cells. (g) The long cycling performance at 5 C.
Figure 3. Li⁺ diffusion kinetics study of the PEC samples. (a-d) The GITT curves and the corresponding Li⁺ diffusion coefficients. (e) The CV curves of PEC-500 sample at various scan rates. (f) log i versus log V plots to determine b values.
Figure 2. Electrochemical performance of PEC samples. (a) CV curves at 0.4 mV·s^-1. (b) The galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles at 300 mA·g^-1. (c) The comparison of slope capacity and plateau capacity. (d) EIS plots. (e) rate capability and (f) cycle performance.
Figure 1. Morphology and structure of PEC samples. (a) SEM image of PEC-500 sample. (b) XRD patterns. (c) Raman spectra. (d) Pore size distribution curves. (e-h) High resolution TEM images. (i-l) EDS mapping images.
Fig. 6 Finite-element simulations of the electromagnetic field distribution of the modified Ag electrode during Li-Ag alloying processes. E_1oc and E₀ represent the localized field and the incident field, respectively.
Fig. 5 (a) In-situ SERS spectra of SEI formation on the Ag electrode modified with Ag nanoparticles in 1 mol·L^-1LiPF₆/EC-DMC. (b) The 2D color map representing the Raman band as a function of the applied potential allows an appreciation of the dynamics of SEI compositions.
Fig. 4 Raman spectra of bulk electrolyte of LiPF₆/EC-DMC and SERS spectra of LiPF₆/EC-DMC on the modified Ag electrode at different potentials.
Fig. 3 CV curves of the Ag electrode modified with Ag nanoparticles in 1 mol·L^-1 LiPF₆/EC-DMC (2/1, V/V). Scan rate: 20 mV·s⁻¹.
Fig. 2 (a) Schematic of an air-tight in-situ Raman cell with three-electrode configuration. (b) Time-dependent Raman spectra of PATP absorbed on the modified Ag electrode. (c, d) Charge-discharge curves of graphite electrode measured in the sealed Raman cell (c) and glovebox (d).
Fig. 1 (a) SEM image of Ag nanoparticles. Scale bar: 200 nm. (b) The size distribution of Ag nanoparticles. (c) Raman spectra of sodium citrate and the modified Ag electrode before (I) and after (II) HER. (d) Finite-element simulations of the electromagnetic field distribution of the modified Ag electrode. E_1oc and E₀ represent the localized field and the incident field, respectively.
Table 1. Representative strategies and catalysts for ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) and direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) ("-" indicates data not provided).
Fig 12. (A) DOS plots and free energy diagrams of EOR-related adsorption on Rh(111) and RhBi(111) surfaces. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [110]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. (B) The k3-weighted Rh K-edge EXAFS spectra of Rh_atO-Pt NCs/C and Rh_clO-Pt NCs/C. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [119]. Copyright 2022, Washington, DC. (C) Schematic reaction mechanism of ethanol electrooxidation on 0.2SnO₂-Rh NSs/C. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [120]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. (D) Scheme of Rh/Rh-M NSs. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [121]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier.
Fig 11. (A) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of PtBi@PtRh₁ nanosheets. (B) Ethanol electrooxidation performance test of PtBi@PtRh₁. (C) C-C bond breaking energy distribution of CH₂CO intermediates on different Pt(110) surfaces. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [116]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. (D) FT-IR spectra of EOR on Rh₇Pt₁ PBML. (E) Free energy diagrams of EOR and ΔG from 2CO^* to 2COOH^* on Rh (111), Pt (111), RhPt (111) and RhPt (311) surfaces. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [117]. Copyright 2024, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig 10. (A) Schematic illustration of the fluorination-driven rearrangement of the LCE on Pd/N-C. (B) EOR mass activity comparison of different samples (left axis), retention of relative initial activity after 10,000 cycles (right axis). (C) CO₂ Faraday efficiency of different samples at different potentials. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [100]. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature. (D) C1-pathway of EOR on Pt/Al₂O₃@TiAl. (E) EOR path free energy diagrams on different models Reproduced with permission of Ref. [101]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH.
Fig 9. (A) TEM and HADDF STEM, and corresponding EDX mapping images of 2D PtRhPb MNSs. (B) Electrochemical in situ ATR-IR spectra of PtRhPb MNSs. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [98]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH. (C) TEM characterization of morphology, size and structure of PdInMo nanocatalysts. D) Modeling and energy of adsorption of CH₃OH*, CH₃CH₂OH* and CO* on the surfaces of disordered and ordered PdInMo nanocatalysts. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [99]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH.
Fig 8. (A) Schematic representation of different crystalline phases of Pd₃Sn nanorod catalysts. (B) EOR free energy diagrams of Pd₃Sn nanorod catalysts with different crystalline phases. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [95]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. (C) HAADF-STEM and TEM image, and HAADF-STEM-EDS elemental mappings of PdAg catalyst. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [96]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. (D) DFT calculations for a-PdCu and c-PdCu catalysts. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [97]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.
Fig 7. (A) Schematic illustration of kinetically controlled synthesis mechanism for the regioselective growth. (B) EOR performance graphs for different catalysts. (C) Performance retention of different catalysts after 2000 CV cycles. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [94]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature.
Fig 6. (A) Reaction mechanism for the selective conversion of ethanol to acetic acid over Pd-Ni-P ternary nanocatalysts in alkaline media. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [84]. Copyright 2017, Springer Nature. (B) TEM characterization of P-PdMo bimetallene. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [86]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. (C) The synthesis schematic of Pd/DB-Ti₃C₂. (D) The calculated EOR free‐energy profiles of two catalysts. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [87]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH.
Fig 5. (A) EOR mechanism of different catalysts in an alkaline solution. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [71]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature. (B) The potential energy profiles of CH₃CH₂OH_ad oxidation to CH₃CO_ad on the Pd(111), Pd₄/NbN(111) and Pd₄-SnO₂/NbN(111) surfaces. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [72]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. (C) Schematic route for the synthesis of 2D Pd-Au heterogeneous phase nanosheets. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [73]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. (D) TEM, magnified TEM, typical aberration-corrected HAADF-STEM and the corresponding elemental mapping images of PtCu-SnO₂. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [74]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier.
Fig 4. (A) The schematic illustration of the ant-sintering mechanism of PtPdCuNiCo HEA NPs on S-Ti₃C₂T_x. (B) In situ ATR-IR spectra of PtPdCuNiCo HEA-S-Ti₃C₂T_x and PtPdCuNiCo HEA-Ti₃C₂T_x.Reproduced with permission of Ref. [64]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. (C) The atomic arrangement of Pt/Rh/Bi/Sn/Sb atoms on the surface of the PtRhBiSnSb HEI nanoplate. (D) EOR activity and stability after 5000 cycles of different catalysts. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [65]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH.

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