低聚离子液体的体相与界面及其电化学储能应用

doi:10.13208/j.electrochem.2219002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来，随着单阳离子液体的发展，新型低聚物离子液体被合成并应用。这类离子液体可看作是由几个重复的单阳离子组合而成，可以通过改变阳离子带电基团、间隔连接的长度或种类、末端链的长度以及阴离子种类来获得更多不同的结构。因此，低聚离子液体有更复杂的微观结构和内部相互作用，决定了其多特征的物化性质和电化学特性，有望满足更多对溶剂性能有特定要求的应用。例如，与单阳离子液体相比，低聚离子液体具有更大的可调节性、更宽的液态温度范围、更高的热稳定性等优点，使其在电化学储能设备中得到越来越多的应用，如用作超级电容器和锂离子电池的电解液。在本综述中，我们系统地总结并详细解释了低聚离子液体的性质和结构（包括单个离子的结构和本体液内部的纳米组织）之间的关联，主要是双阳离子液体和三阳离子液体；概括了低聚离子液体作为超级电容器和锂离子电池的电解液的相关研究，重点阐述了由低聚离子液体和不同类型电极组成的双电层的结构和性能，以及与相应单阳离子液体电解液的比较结果；提供了降低低聚离子液体粘度和加速离子扩散的优化措施，提出了低聚离子液体电解液未来可能面临的主要问题和发展前景。

关键词: 聚离子液体, 性质和结构, 超级电容器, 锂离子电池

Abstract:

Over recent years, oligomer ionic liquids (OILs), a novel class of ionic liquids, are becoming preferential electrolytes for high-performance energy-storage devices, such as supercapacitors with enhanced energy density and non-flammable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, structures, properties, and their associations of the up-to-the-minute formulated OILs are systematically summarized and elaborately interpreted, especially for dicationic ionic liquids and tricationic ionic liquids. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of OIL-based electrolytes are presented and analyzed, which are vitally important for supercapacitors and LIBs. Subsequently, the applications of OILs as electrolytes for supercapacitors and LIBs are summarized, with the comparisons of the energy-storage mechanisms and performance between OILs and MILs electrolytes in supercapacitors. Meanwhile, the optimization of the dynamic performance of OILs electrolytes is provided. Finally, the main difficulties and probable perspectives of OIL-based electrolytes are presented for future work. This review would contribute to a deep understanding of OILs and design optimized OIL-based electrolytes for energy storage systems.

Key words: oligomer ionic liquids, properties and structures, supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries

李丹丹, 纪翔宇, 陈明, 杨燕茹, 王晓东, 冯光. 低聚离子液体的体相与界面及其电化学储能应用[J]. 电化学（中英文）, 2022, 28(11): 2219002.

Dan-Dan Li, Xiang-Yu Ji, Ming Chen, Yan-Ru Yang, Xiao-Dong Wang, Guang Feng. Oligomeric Ionic Liquids: Bulk, Interface and Electrochemical Application in Energy Storage[J]. Journal of Electrochemistry, 2022, 28(11): 2219002.

图/表 14

Physicochemical Properties of Symmetrical Imidazolium and Pyrrolidinium DILs
Ionic liquid	M_W (g·mol^-1)	MP(^oC)	T_d(^oC)	Density (g·cm^-3)	Viscosity	Miscibilitya		ECW (V)
Ionic liquid	M_W (g·mol^-1)	MP(^oC)	T_d(^oC)	Density (g·cm^-3)	Viscosity	water	ACN	ECW (V)
[C₃(mim)₂][Br]₂	366.10	162	288			M	I
[C₃(mim)₂][Tf₂N]₂	766.58	-4	401	1.61	249 cP	I	M
[C₃(mim)₂][BF₄]₂	379.90	117				M	M
[C₃(mim)₂][PF₆]₂	496.22	131	320			I	M
[C₆(mim)₂][Br]₂	408.18	155	298			M	I
[C₆(mim)₂][Tf₂N]₂	808.66	> -14, < -4		1.52	362 cP	I	M
[C₆(mim)₂][BF₄]₂	421.98	92				M	M
[C₆(mim)₂][PF₆]₂	538.30	136				I	M
[C₉(mim)₂][Br]₂	450.26	6		1.41	1477 cP	M	I
[C₉(mim)₂][Tf₂N]₂	850.74	-14		1.47	443 cP	I	M
[C₉(mim)₂][BF₄]₂	464.06	-4		1.3		M	M
[C₉(mim)₂][PF₆]₂	580.38	88				I	M
[C₁₂(mim)₂][Br]₂	492.34	-17		1.27	2008 cP	M	I
[C₁₂(mim)₂][Tf₂N]₂	892.82	-26		1.40	606 cP	I	M
[C₁₂(mim)₂][BF₄]₂	506.14	-19		1.26		PM	M
[C₁₂(mim)₂][PF₆]₂	622.46	9		1.36		I	M
[C₉(bim)₂][Br]₂	534.42	>0, <23		1.27	>2500 cP	M	I
[C₉(bim)₂][Tf₂N]₂	934.90	>-42, <-8		1.35	550 cP	I	M
[C₉(bim)₂][BF₄]₂	548.22	>-42, <-8		1.20		PM	M
[C₉(bim)₂][PF₆]₂	664.54	>0, <23		1.30		I	M
[C₃(m₂im)₂][Br]₂	394.15	298				M	I
[C₃(m₂im)₂][Tf₂N]₂	794.63	91				I	M
[C₃(m₂im)₂][PF₆]₂	524.27	264				I
[C₉(m₂im)₂][Br]₂	478.31	174				M	I
[C₉(m₂im)₂][Tf₂N]₂	878.79	-42		1.47	687 cP	I	M
[C₉(m₂im)₂][BF₄]₂	492.11	>0, <23		1.31		M	M
[C₉(m₂im)₂][PF₆]₂	608.43	130				I	M
[C₁₂(benzim)₂][Br]₂	644.53	151				I	I
[C₁₂(benzim)₂][NTf₂]₂	1045.01	>-8, <0		1.37		I	M
[C₁₂(benzim)₂][PF₆]₂	774.65	-15		1.27		I	M
[C₃(mpy)₂][Br]₂	372.18	51				M	I
[C₃₍mpy)₂][Tf₂N]₂	772.67	206				I	M
[C₃(mpy)₂][PF₆]₂	502.30	359				I	M
[C₉(mpy)₂][Br]₂	456.34	257				M	I
[C₉(mpy)₂][Tf₂N]₂	856.83	>-8, <0		1.41	502 cP	I	M
[C₉(mpy)₂][PF₆]₂	586.46	223				I	M
[C₉(bpy)₂][Br]₂	540.50	216				M	I
[C₉(bpy)₂][Tf₂N]₂	940.98	84				I	M
[C₉(bpy)₂][PF₆]₂	670.62	249				I	M
[C(mim)₂][I]₂	431	>260				M	I
[C(mim)₂][Tf₂N]₂		90 ~ 94				I	M
[C₄(mim)₂][Cl]₂	291.97	145 ~ 150				M	I
[C₄(mim)₂][Tf₂N]₂		54 ~ 56				I	M
Physicochemical Properties of Symmetrical Imidazolium and Pyrrolidinium DILs
Ionic liquid	M_W (g·mol^-1)	MP(^oC)	T_d (^oC)	Density (g·cm^-3)	Viscosity	Miscibilitya		ECW (V)
Ionic liquid	M_W (g·mol^-1)	MP(^oC)	T_d (^oC)	Density (g·cm^-3)	Viscosity	water	ACN	ECW (V)
[C₈(mim)₂][Tf₂N]₂		25				I	M
[C₁₀(mim)₂][Cl]₂		25				M	I
[C₁₀(mim)₂][Tf₂N]₂		25				I	M
[C₁₂(mim)₂][Cl]₂		35 ~ 40				M	I
[C₄(mim)₂][Br]₂		152.5	297			M	I
[C₅(mim)₂][Br]₂		137.8	282			M	I
[C₃(bim)₂][Br]₂		96.2	280			M	I
[C₄(bim)₂][Br]₂			275			M	I
[C₅(bim)₂][Br]₂			280			M	I
[C₆(bim)₂][Br]₂		167.9	279			M	I
[C₃(him)₂][Br]₂		122.6	280			M	I
[C₄(him)₂][Br]₂			277			M	I
[C₅(him)₂][Br]₂			284			M	I
[C₆(him)₂][Br]₂			279			M	I
[C₅(mim)₂][Tf₂N]₂	794.2	-61	365.2	1.57	251 cSt	I	M
[C₅(hyeim)₂][Tf₂N]₂	854.2	-65	257.4	1.58	241 cSt	I	M
[C₅(bim)₂][Tf₂N]₂	878.3	-62	375.8	1.44	355 cSt	I	M
[C₅(benzim)₂][Tf₂N]₂	946.3	-34.5	291.1	1.55	1209 cSt	I	M
[C₅(tma)₂][Tf₂N]₂	743.2	86 ~ 88	363.7	1.33		I	M
[C₆O₂(bim)₂][TFSI]₂			212	1.40		I	M	5
[C₂(mim)₂][NTf₂]₂				1.78		I	M	4.11
[C₂(mim)₂][PF₆]₂				1.56		I	M	4.11
[C₂(mim)₂][BF₄]₂				1.52		M	M	4.11
[C₆O₂(mpy)₂][TFSI]₂			381					6
[C₈O₂(mpy)₂][TFSI]₂			366					6
[C₆O₂(mpip)₂][TFSI]₂			375					6
[C₈O₂(mpip)₂][TFSI]₂			369					6
Physicochemical Properties of Aliphatic Tetraalkylammonium DILs
[C₂(N₈₈₈)₂][Br]₂	390.24		221.83			M	M
[C₃(N₈₈₈)₂][Br]₂	404.27	84.97	219			M	M
[C₄(N₈₈₈)₂][Br]₂	418.29		207			M	M
[C₂(N₂₂₂)₂][Br]₂	895.20	250.28	266.91			I	M
[C₃(N₂₂₂)₂][Br]₂	909.22	219.76	266.37			I	M
[C₄(N₂₂₂)₂][Br]₂	923.25	213.75	249.63			I	M
[C₂(N₁₁₂)₂][Tf₂N]₂	734.62	187	355			I	M
[C₂(N₁₁₄)₂][Tf₂N]₂	790.73	125	342			I	M
[C₂(N₁₁₆)₂][Tf₂N]₂	846.84	84	373			I	M
[C₂(N₁₁₈)₂][Tf₂N]₂	902.94	80	382			I	M
[C₃(N₁₁₂)₂][Tf₂N]₂	748.65	178	377			I	M
[C₃(N₁₁₃)₂][Tf₂N]₂	776.70	124	362			I	M
[C₃(N₁₁₄)₂][Tf₂N]₂	804.76	61	364			I	M
[C₃(N₁₁₅)₂][Tf₂N]₂	832.81	51	363			I	M
[C₃(N₁₁₆)₂][Tf₂N]₂	860.86	64	378			I	M
Physicochemical Properties of Symmetrical Imidazolium and Pyrrolidinium DILs
Ionic liquid	M_W (g·mol^-1)	MP(^oC)	T_d (^oC)	Density (g·cm^-3)	Viscosity	Miscibilitya		ECW (V)
Ionic liquid	M_W (g·mol^-1)	MP(^oC)	T_d (^oC)	Density (g·cm^-3)	Viscosity	water	ACN	ECW (V)
[C₃(N₁₁₇)₂][Tf₂N]₂	888.92	47	389			I	M
[C₃(N₁₁₈)₂][Tf₂N]₂	916.97	47	357			I	M
[C₆(N₁₁₂)₂][Tf₂N]₂	790.73	45	413			I	M
[C₆(N₁₁₄)₂][Tf₂N]₂	846.84	86	401			I	M
[C₆(N₁₁₆)₂][Tf₂N]₂	902.94	51	409			I	M
[C₆(N₁₁₈)₂][Tf₂N]₂	959.05		409	1.17		I	M
[C₉(N₂₂₂)₂][Tf₂N]₂	889.92		410	1.25		I	M
[C₁₂(N₂₂₂)₂][Tf₂N]	930.99	< -60	414	1.31		I	M
Physicochemical Properties of Asymmetrical DILs
[C(mtim)(mim)][Tf₂N]₂		95	371	1.76		PM	M
[C(etim)(eim)][Tf₂N]₂		52	360	1.71		M	M
[C(btim)(bim)][Tf₂N]₂		-45	334	1.64		M	M
[C(tfbtim)(tfbim)][Tf₂N]₂		65	323	1.76		M	M
[C(etim)(mim)][Tf₂N]₂		65	348	1.73		PM	M
[C(btim)(mim)][Tf₂N]₂		-32	319	1.64		M	M
[C(btim)(mim)][PF₆]₂		150	282	1.66		PM	M
[C(tfbtim)(mim)][Tf₂N]₂		72	319	1.75		M	M
[C(mtim)(bim)][Tf₂N]₂		-37	330	1.69		M	M
[C(etim)(bim)][Tf₂N]₂		-41	348	1.67		M	M
[C(tfbtim)(bim)][Tf₂N]₂		-21	335	1.68		M	M
[C₅(tma)(mim)][Tf₂N]₂	771.2	-51.5	301.5	1.54	357 cSt	I
[C₅(tma)(hyeim)][Tf₂N]₂	801.2	-54.2	132.9	1.54	398 cSt	I	M
[C₅(tma)(bim)][Tf₂N]₂	813.2	-53	389	1.47	527 cSt	I	M
[C₅(tma)(benzim)][Tf₂N]₂	847.3	-36.2	328	1.50	1217 cSt	I	M
[C₅(tma)(bpy)][Tf₂N]₂	816.3	30 ~ 32	356.8	1.46		I	M
[C₅(bpy)₂][Tf₂N]₂	884.4	36 ~ 38	309.5	1.47		I	M
[C₅(tma)(mim)][Br]₂	371.1	115 ~ 116	90.5	1.37		M	I
[C₅(tma)(mim)][PF₆]₂	501.3	86 ~ 88	312.4	1.57		I	I
[C₅(tma)(mim)][BF₄]₂	385.0	>50, <80	336.9			M	I
[C₅(tma)(mim)][TfO]₂	509.5	153 ~ 156	315.9	1.50		M	I
[MIC₂N₁₁₁][TFSI]₂	729.64	133	360					4 ~ 5
[MIC₅N₁₁₁][TFSI]₂	771.64		420	1.47				4 ~ 5
Physicochemical Properties of Heteroanionic DILs
[C₃(Py)(mim)][PF₆][Br]		150 ~ 151	252			M	I
[C₃(Py)(tea)][PF₆][Br]		180 ~ 181	244			M	I
[C₃(Py)(mim)][Tf₂N][Br]		34 ~ 35	246			M	I
[C₃(Py)(tem)][Tf₂N][Br]		76 ~ 77	240			M	I
[C₃(Py)(mpy)][Tf₂N][Br]		92 ~ 93	249			M	I
[C₄(mim)₂][Br]₂	435.96	167	297			M	M
[C₄(mim)₂][AOT]₂	1118.72	68			7.176 Pa·s	I	M
[C₄(mim)₂][FeCI₃Br]₂	760.4	52			0.2 Pa·s	M	M
Physicochemical Properties of Dianionic DILs
[Hmim]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		153		1.686		I	M
Physicochemical Properties of Symmetrical Imidazolium and Pyrrolidinium DILs
Ionic liquid	M_W (g·mol^-1)	MP (^oC)	T_d (^oC)	Density (g·cm^-3)	Viscosity	Miscibilitya		ECW (V)
Ionic liquid	M_W (g·mol^-1)	MP (^oC)	T_d (^oC)	Density (g·cm^-3)	Viscosity	water	ACN	ECW (V)
[C₂mim]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		265	480	1.614		I	M
[C₃mim]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		269		1.596		I	M
[C₄mim]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		131		1.553		I	M
[C₈mim]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		127		1.387		I	M
[C₁₀mim]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		174		1.428		I	M
[C₁₆mim]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		105				I	M
[Bnmim]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		256		1.761		I	M
[C₄C₁mim]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		236		1.517		I	M
[HEmim]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		275	412	1.671		I	M
[N₂₂₂₄]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		> 300	444	1.457		I	M
[N₂₂₂₆]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		221		1.658		I	M
[N₁₁₁₁₆]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		104	158	1.216		I	M
[N₂₂₂HE]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		295	390	1.563		I	M
[PyC₄]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		222	398	1.683		I	M
[Pppp₂]₂[B₁₂Cl₁₂]		293	494	1.656		I	M
[C₄(mim)₂][C₀(CO₂)₂]	308.33	-7.33	230			M	I
[C₄(mim)₂][C₁(CO₂)₂]	322.3596	-0.78	207	1.24		M	I
[C₄(mim)₂][C₂(CO₂)₂]	336.3862	-29.35	235			M	I
[C₄(mim)₂][C₃(CO₂)₂]	350.4127	2.47	249			M	I
[C₄(mim)₂][C₄(CO₂)₂]	364.4393	-27.4	231			M	I
[C₄(mim)₂][C₅(CO₂)₂]	378.4659	-13.34	244	1.15		M	I
[C₆(mim)₂][C₀(CO₂)₂]	336.3862	-29.45	228			M	I
[C₆(mim)₂][C₁(CO₂)₂]	350.4127	-9.36	235	1.20		M	I
[C₆(mim)₂][C₂(CO₂)₂]	364.4393	-1.02	235			M	I
[C₆(mim)₂][C₃(CO₂)₂]	378.4659	-10.78	243			M	I
[C₆(mim)₂][C₄(CO₂)₂]	392.4925	-7.06	238			M	I
[C₆(mim)₂][C₅(CO₂)₂]	406.5191	-18.19	245	1.12		M	I
[C₈(mim)₂][C₀(CO₂)₂]	364.4393	-34	226			M	I
[C₈(mim)₂][C₁(CO₂)₂]	378.4659	-8.48	218			M	I
[C₈(mim)₂][C₂(CO₂)₂]	392.4925	-7.73	234			M	I
[C₈(mim)₂][C₃(CO₂)₂]	406.5191	-31.36	239			M	I
[C₈(mim)₂][C₄(CO₂)₂]	420.5456	-5.74	240			M	I
[C₈(mim)₂][C₅(CO₂)₂]	434.5722	-14.45	238			M	I
[C₁₀(mim)₂][C₀(CO₂)₂]	392.4925	-12.12	223			M	I
[C₁₀(mim)₂][C₁(CO₂)₂]	406.5191	-11.94	218			M	I
[C₁₀(mim)₂][C₂(CO₂)₂]	420.545	3.23	236			M	I
[C₁₀(mim)₂][C₃(CO₂)₂]	434.5722		239			M	I
[C₁₀(mim)₂][C₄(CO₂)₂]	448.5988	-1.65	237			M	I
[C₁₀(mim)₂][C₅(CO₂)₂]	462.6254	0.7	232			M	I

Physiochemical Properties of TTILs
Ionic liquid	M_W (g·mol^-1)		MP (^oC)		T_d(^oC)		Density (g·cm^-3)		Viscosity	Miscibilitya				ECW (V)
Ionic liquid	M_W (g·mol^-1)		MP (^oC)		T_d(^oC)		Density (g·cm^-3)		Viscosity	water		ACN		ECW (V)
[Me₃Benz(bmim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1372.3		66 ~ 69		300		1.55			I		M
[Me₃Benz(mmim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1246		82 ~ 85		338		1.69			I		M
[Benz(bmim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1330.2		-24.6		344		1.53		2320 (cSt)	I		M
[Benz(mmim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1203.9		-38.6		364		1.56		1280 (cSt)	I		M
[Benz(benzmim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1432.2		-87.4		262		1.55		20000 ~ 25000(cSt)	I		M
[Benz(bmpy)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1339.3		62 ~ 64		344		1.44			I		M
[N(beim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1311.2		-47.5		308		1.41		1580 (cSt)	I		M
[N(meim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1184.9		36 ~ 37		338		1.56			I		M
[N(bepy)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1320.3		57 ~ 58		297		1.47			I		M
[N(CH₂CH₂OHeim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1275		-38.5		344		1.64		7980 (cSt)	I		M
[Me₃Benz(bmim)₃][PF₆]₃	924.6		141 ~ 143		246		1.49			I		M
[Me₃Benz(bmim)₃][TFO]₃	937		63 ~ 65		316		1.47			M		M
[Me₃Benz(bmim)₃][BF₄]₃	750.1		130 ~ 133		302		1.41			M		M
[N(beim)₃][PF₆]₃	905.6		195 ~ 197		309		1.33			I		M
[N(beim)₃][TFO]₃	917.9		64.2		253		1.33			M		M
[N(beim)₃][BF₄]₃	731.1		101 ~ 104		274		1.21			M		M
[C₆O₃(mim)₃][Tf₂N]₃					300					I		M		4
[C₆O₃(dmapy)₃][Tf₂N]₃					340					I		M		5
Physiochemical Properties of LTILs
[C₁₀(mim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1352.25		-53.58		334		1.65		1800 (cSt)	I		M
[C₁₀(mim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1435.29		-53.17		350		1.54		2400 (cSt)	I		M
[C₁₀(benzim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1504.44		-36.61		320		1.36		4200 (cSt)	I		M
[C₁₀(bim)₃][BF₄]₃	856.55		-18.32		191		1.33			M		M
[C₁₀(bim)₃][TFO]₃	1043.18		-42.63		290		1.28			M		M
[C₆(mim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1240.03		-57.85		320		1.57		372 (cSt)	I		M
[C₆(bim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1324.19		-51.54		330		1.41		429 (cSt)	I		M
[C₆(benzim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1391.14		-36.83		340		1.43		840 (cSt)	I		M
[C₃(mim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1155.88		-24.54		290		1.54		1200 (cSt)	I		M
[C₃(bim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1240.04		-44.13		310		1.48		600 (cSt)	I		M
[C₃(benzim)₃][Tf₂N]₃	1308.07		-27.26		300		1.41		4080 (cSt)	I		M
[C₂(Morp)(im)(Morp)][(2MsO)₂(Cl)]	523.06				298.3		1.283		444.29± 16.77(cP)	M		M
[C₂(2MeAP)(im)(2MeAP)][(2MsO)₂(Cl)]	593.16				280.6		1.274		10807.88± 510.33(cP)	PM		M
[C₂(Morp)(im)(Morp)][(2PhsO)₂(Cl)]	647.20				331.1		1.274		5368.37± 6.21(cP)	M		M
[C₂(MePip)(im)(MePip)][(2MsO)(Cl) (2PhsO)]	673.29				351.2		1.215		6421.29± 417.93 (cP)	M		M
[C₂(2MeAP)(im)(2MeAP)][(2PhsO)₂(Cl)]	717.30				342.6		1.301		13922.29± 611.31 (cP)	I		M
[C₂(mim)₃][(PhsO)(Cl)(2PhsO)]	637.17				338.5		1.304		2839.03± 5.66(cP)	M		M
[C₂(MorP)(im)(MorP)][(2PhsO)₂(OAc)]	670.79				342.8		1.272		2249± 7.51(cP)	I		M
Physiochemical Properties of TTILs
Ionic liquid	M_W (g·mol^-1)	MP (^oC)		T_d(^oC)		Density (g·cm^-3)		Viscosity			Miscibilitya				ECW (V)
Ionic liquid	M_W (g·mol^-1)	MP (^oC)		T_d(^oC)		Density (g·cm^-3)		Viscosity			water		ACN		ECW (V)
[C₂(MePip)(im)(MePip)][(2PhsO)₂(OAc)]	696.88			345.6		1.186		3632.37± 29.93 (cP)			I		M
[C₂(2MeAP)(im)(2MeAP)] [(2PhsO)₂(OAc)]	740.89			338.0		1.277		4049.49± 127(cP)			PM		M
[C₂(mim)₃][(2PhsO)₂(OAc)]	660.76			347.4		1.278		3687.69± 23.4(cP)			I		M
[C₂(MorP)(im)(MorP)] [(2PhsO)₂(CF₃OAc)]	724.76			352.5		1.278		2859.14± 7.44(cP)			I		M
[C₂(MePip)(im)(MePip)] [(2PhsO)₂(CF₃OAc)]	750.85			350.2		1.241		4948.51± 13.49(cP)			I		M
[C₂(2MeAP)(im)(2MeAP)] [(2PhsO)₂(CF₃OAc)]	794.86			333.8		1.292		4321.17± 12.85(cP)			I		M
[C₂(mim)₃][(2PhsO)₂(CF₃OAc)]	714.73			307.7		1.297		1360.17± 10.37(cP)			I		M
[C₂(MorP)(im)(MorP)][2PhsO]₃	782.94			337.9		1.279		3888.43± 37.06(cP)			I		M
[C₂(2MePip)(im)(2MePip)][2PhsO]₃	853.04					1.269		1475.29± 122.27 (cP)			M		M
[C₂(mim)₃][2PhsO]₃	772.91					1.172		11124.29±144.35 (cP)			I		M

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Charge (e)					L-J parameter
Atom	[C₃(mim)₂]²⁺	[C₉(mim)²]²⁺	[C₃(mim)₃]³⁺	[C₆(mim)₃]³⁺	σⁱⁱ (Å)	εⁱⁱ (kJ·mol^-1)
NA1	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	3.25	0.71128
CR2	-0.088	-0.088	-0.088	-0.088	3.55	0.29288
NA3	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	3.25	0.71128
CW4	-0.104	-0.104	-0.104	-0.104	3.55	0.29288
CW5	-0.104	-0.104	-0.104	-0.104	3.55	0.29288
C0	-0.136	-0.136	-0.136	-0.136	3.5	0.27614
C1	-0.136	-0.136	-0.136	-0.136	3.5	0.27614
C2	0.008	0.008	0.008	0.008	3.5	0.27614
C3		-0.096		-0.096	3.5	0.27614
C4		-0.096		-0.096	3.5	0.27614
C5		-0.096		-0.096	3.5	0.27614
H0	0.104	0.104	0.104	0.104	2.5	0.12552
H1	0.104	0.104	0.104	0.104	2.5	0.12552
H2	0.100	0.048	0.100	0.048	2.5	0.12552
H3		0.048		0.048	2.5	0.12552
H4		0.048		0.048	2.5	0.12552
H5		0.048		0.048	2.5	0.12552
HA	0.168	0.168	0.168	0.168	2.42	0.12552