Figure 1

(A) Potential-dependent Pt L3-edge XAS spectra of Pt NPs on a carbon support. (B) Evolution of the metallic, oxide and the total area of the catalyst as a function of the applied potential. (C) STM image of the as-prepared Pt(111) surface. (D) STM image of the Pt(111) electrode after the 25th sweep in 0.1 mol·L-1 KOH solutions containing Co2+. (A-B) Reproduced from Ref[31]. With permission from the American Chemical Society. (C-D) Reproduced from Ref[21]. With permission from the American Chemical Society. (color on line)

Figure 2

(A) In situ atomic PDFs for Pd30Ni70NPs obtained in a custom-built fuel cell cycled between 0.6 ~ 1.2 V (vs. RHE) at a scan rate of 100 mV·s-1. (B) Trend for the change in composition of Pd30Ni70/C catalyst as a result of Ni-leaching during the potential cycling. (C) Morphologies of Pt-Fe nanocatalysts at additional 5th, 50th, and 150th cycles after the first 130 cycles. (D) The corresponding CV curves at 1st, 5th, 25th, 50th, 100th, and 150th cycles. (A-B) Reproduced from ref[41]. With permission from the American Chemical Society. (C-D) Reproduced from ref[42]. With permission from the American Chemical Society. (color on line)

Figure 3

(A) In situ XANES spectra at the Mn K-edge for the MnO2 at different electrode potentials in 1.0 mol·L-1 KOH. (B) In situ XANES spectra of the Co-PPy-BP cathode and standard Co, Co(OH)2 and CoOOH samples. (A) Reproduced from ref[29]. With permission from the Elsevier. (B) Reproduced from ref[45]. With permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry. (color on line)

Figure 4

(A) SHINERS spectra of the ORR system at a Pt(111) electrode surface in a 0.1 mol·L-1 HClO4 solution saturated with O2.(B) SHINERS spectra of the ORR at a Pt(100) electrode surface in a 0.1 mol·L-1 HClO4 solution. (C) SHINERS spectra of the ORR at a Pt(100) electrode surface in a 0.1 mol·L-1 HClO4 solution. (D) SHINERS spectra of the ORR system at a Pt(111) electrode surface in 0.1 mol·L-1 NaClO4 solution (pH of approximately 10.3) saturated with O2. (E) SHINERS spectra of the ORR at a Pt(100) electrode surface in 0.1 mol·L-1 NaClO4 solution (pH of approximately 10.3) saturated with O2. (F) SHINERS spectra of the ORR at a Pt(100) electrode surface in 0.1 mol·L-1 NaClO4 solution (pH of approximately 10.3) saturated with O2. (G) In situ IR spectra of Pt/C during ORR in 0.1 mol·L-1 HClO4 solution. (H) In situ SHINERS spectra of ORR on dealloyed Pt3Co nanocatalysts in 0.1 mol·L-1 O2-saturated HClO4 solution. (I) In situ SHINERS spectra of the ORR on dealloyed Pt3Co nanocatalysts in O2-saturated 0.1 mol·L-1 NaClO4 + 0.001 mol·L-1 NaOH solutions. (A-F) Reproduced from Ref[46]. With permission from the Nature Energy. (G) Reproduced from Ref[32]. With permission from the Wiley Online Library. (H-I) Reproduced from Ref[38]. With permission from the Wiley Online Library. (color on line)

Figure 5

(A-B) In situ STM images of FePc on Au(111) in O2-saturated 0.1 mol·L-1 HClO4: (A) ORR off; (B) ORR on. (C-D) STM topographic image (C) and cross-section analysis (D) of Mn1Cl at the HOPG/1-octanoic acid interface under ambient conditions; (E) Possible pathways and states of the manganese centre of Mn-porphyrins during their reaction with O2. (A-B) Reproduced from Ref[49]. With permission from the American Chemical Society. (C-E) Reproduced from Ref[50]. With permission from the Nature Chemistry. (color on line)