基于电化学阻抗谱的致病菌检测传感器的研究进展

doi:10.13208/j.electrochem.2218002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

几千年来，致病菌对人类健康构成了巨大威胁。实现致病菌的实时监测可有效阻止致病菌的传播，从而降低对人类健康的威胁。迄今为止，已有电化学、光学、压电和量热等多种技术用于细菌的检测。其中，基于电化学阻抗技术的传感器由于其成本低、读取时间短、重现性好、设备便携等优点，在实时细菌检测中展现出了巨大的应用潜力。本文主要综述了近三年来电化学阻抗技术在细菌传感中的典型应用。众所周知，电极材料在基于电化学阻抗的传感器的构建中发挥着极其重要的作用，因为细菌生物识别元件的固定化，以及所制备的传感器的灵敏度、经济性和便携性都主要取决于电极材料。因此，为了向新入行的研究人员提供基于不同电极材料制备电化学阻抗传感器清晰的制备过程，我们尝试根据不同的电极平台对基于电化学阻抗技术的传感器进行分类。此外，还讨论了目前的难点、未来的应用方向和前景。我们希望通过本文的综述，能够为刚进入该领域的研究人员开展基于电化学阻抗技术，制备快速、灵敏、准确地检测多种致病菌的传感器研究提供指导。

关键词: 电化学阻抗谱, 致病菌检测, 生物识别元件, 电极材料

Abstract:

Pathogenic bacteria have been throwing great threat on human health for thousands of years. Their real-time monitoring is in urgent need as it could effectively halt the spread of pathogenic bacteria and thus reducing the risk to human health. Up till now, diverse technologies such as electrochemistry, optics, piezoelectricity and calorimetry have been developed for bacteria sensing. Therein, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based sensors show great potential in point-of-care bacterial analysis because of their low-cost, short read-out time, good reproducibility, and portable equipment construction. In this review, we will primarily summarize the typical applications of electrochemical impedance technology in bacteria sensing based on different electrodes in the last three years. As we know, the electrode materials play an extremely important role in the construction of EIS-based sensors because not only the immobilization of bio-recognition elements for bacteria, but also the sensitivity, economical efficiency and portability of the as-prepared sensors are mainly determined by the electrode materials. Therefore, in order to provide new researchers a clear preparation process for EIS-based sensors fabricated with different electrodes, we try to classify the EIS-based sensors according to the different electrode platforms. Moreover, present difficulties, future directions and perspectives for their applications are also discussed. It can provide guidance in future study of novel EIS-based sensors for rapid, sensitive and accurate sensing of diverse pathogenic bacteria.

Key words: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, pathogenic bacteria detection, bio-recognition elements, electrode material

陈涛, 许元红, 李景虹. 基于电化学阻抗谱的致病菌检测传感器的研究进展[J]. 电化学（中英文）, 2023, 29(6): 2218002.

Tao Chen, Yuan-Hong Xu, Jing-Hong Li. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy-Based Pathogenic Bacteria Sensing[J]. Journal of Electrochemistry, 2023, 29(6): 2218002.

图/表 8

Electrode	Analyte	Linear range	LOD	Ref.
GCE	E. coli	10³ to 10⁷ CFU/mL	500 CFU/mL	[56]
Gold modified GCE	E. coli	10 to 10⁵ CFU/mL	14 CFU/mL	[36]
AuNP modified GCE	S. aureus	10 to 10⁷ CFU/mL	3.3 CFU/mL	[40]
Dual-aptamer-based sandwich GCE	S. aureus	1 × 10¹ to 1 × 10⁵ CFU/mL	2 CFU/mL	[30]
Gold nanorods modified GCE	S. aureus	1.8 × 10³ to 1.8 × 10⁷ CFU/mL	2.4 × 10² CFU mL	[58]
3-Thiopheneethanol modified GCE	S. aureus	10 to 10⁷ CFU/mL	4 CFU/mL	[41]
Synthetic receptor-transducing platform coupling	E. coli	1000 CFU/mL	120 CFU/mL	[55]
GCE	Acinetobacter baumannii	10^-1 to 10⁴ CFU/mL	0.030 CFU/mL	[42]
Gold electrodes	E. coli; L. innocua; S. aureus; S. Typhimurium	1.5 to 1.5 × 10³; 1.5 to 1.5 × 10⁴; 1.5 to 1.5 × 10⁵; 15 to 1.5 × 10⁴ CFU/mL	1.5; 1.5; 1.5; 15 CFU/mL	[45]
Gold electrode	S. typhimurium and E. coli	N/A	6.859 × 10²³ L·mol^-1 and 2.054 × 10¹⁷ L·mol^-1	[43]
Screen-printed gold electrode	Salmonella spp.	15 to 2.57 × 10⁷ CFU/mL	5 CFU/mL	[46]
3D gold nano-/microislands and graphene electrodes	E. coli, P. putida, and S. epidermidis	2 × 10 to 2 × 10⁵, 2 × 10 to 2 × 10⁴, and 1 × 10² to 1× 10⁵ CFU/mL	20 CFU/mL	[44]
Gold disk electrode	Salmonella	2 × 10 to 2 × 10⁶/ 2 × 10² to 2 × 10⁵	17 CFU/mL；1.3 × 10² CFU/mL；1 CFU/mL	[33]
Lipid membrane modified gold electrode	E. coli DNA	10^-9 to 10^-19 mol·L^-1	10^-19mol·L^-1	[65]
Ag electrodes	E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Up to 500 CFU/mL	500 - 1000 CFU/mL	[47]
Graphenic carbon electrodes	E. coli and S. aureus	2 to 20 CFU/mL	2 CFU/mL	[50]
Reduced graphene oxide-carbon electrode	S. mutans, A. viscosus, and L. fermentum	N/A	N/A	[48]
Boron-doped carbon nanowalls electrodes	Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans	3.25 × 10⁰ to 3.25 × 10⁸ CFU/mL	119 CFU/mL	[24]
Carbon nanotube-based electrode	S. aureus	10² to 10⁷ CFU/mL	1.23 × 10² CFU/mL; 1.29 × 10² CFU/mL	[34]
SPE	E. coli	10² to 10⁸ CFU/mL	10 CFU/mL	[66]
SPE	E. coli DNA	1 × 10⁻¹⁰ μmol·L^-1 to 1 × 10⁻⁵ μmol·L^-1	1.95 × 10⁻¹⁵ μmol·L^-1	[70]
Screen-printed carbon electrodes	S. aureus	10 to 10⁸ CFU/mL	3 CFU/mL	[31]
Screen printed gold electrodes	S. aureus	10 × 10¹ to 10 × 10⁷ CFU/mL	10^1.58 CFU/mL	[68]
GlycoMXene screen printed electrodes	E. coli	10¹ to 10⁸ CFU/mL	10 CFU/mL	[67]
ITO coated polyethylene terephthalate (ITO:PET)	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	N/A	N/A	[51]
Fluorine doped tin oxide electrode	Salmonella gallinarum, and Salmonella pullorum	(1 to 1 × 10⁵ cells) with 37 and 25 viable cells	51 and 37 cells, respectively in faecal samples and 218 and 173 cells, respectively in meat samples.	[52]
Anti-E. coliO157:H7 antibody-modified CPE	E. coli	1 × 10^-1 to 1 × 10⁶ CFU/mL	0.1 CFU/mL	[81]
Polyaniline nanofibers modified filter paper substrate	S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa	N/A	N/A	[35]
Unknow	Gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria		3.0 CFU/mL and 3.1 CFU/mL	[82]
Interdigitated microelectrode	Salmonella Typhimurium	10² to 10⁶ CFU/mL	80 CFU/mL	[53]
Single-crystalline gold interdigitated microelectrode	Listeria monocytogenes	1.0 to 1.0 × 10⁴ CFU/mL	7.1 and 9.2 CFU/mL in water and milk	[26]
Interdigitated electrode	E. coli	25 to 1000 CFU/mL	9 CFU/mL	[32]
Gold integrated electrode	Aeromonas salmonicida	1 to 10⁷ CFU/mL	1 CFU/mL	[27]
Interdigitated microelectrode	Salmonella typhimurium	1.6 × 10² to 1.6 × 10⁶ CFU/mL	73 CFU/mL	[28]
Interdigitated microelectrode	Salmonella	3.0 × 10¹ to 3.0 × 10⁶ CFU/mL	19 CFU/mL	[84]
Interdigitated microelectrode	Salmonella	10¹ to 10⁶ CFU/mL	10 CFU/mL	[29]
Interdigitated electrodes	Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus	N/A	1.5 × 10⁸ CFU/mL and 1.5·× 10⁵ CFU/mL	[85]
Interdigitated gold electrodes	E. coli	10² to 10⁶ CFU/mL	100 CFU/mL	[86]
Au-decorated NiO nanowall electrodes	Mycoplasma agalactia DNA	N/A	53 ± 2 copy number/μL	[87]
Gold interdigitated electrodes	Salmonella, Legionella, and E. coli	N/A	3 bacterial cells/mL	[88]
Parallel-plate electrode	Bacillus thuringiensis	N/A	N/A	[89]
Gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode	E. coli	N/A	N/A	[90]
Nanogap electrode	E. coli O157:H7	N/A	1 cell of E. coli	[91]
Screen-printed carbon electrode	Salmonella typhimurium	10 to 10⁷ CFU/mL	10 CFU/mL	[92]
Alumina and Ag/Pd paste	P. aeruginosa and S. aureus	N/A	N/A	[93]
Interdigitated microelectrodes	E. coli	N/A	N/A	[94]
Gold electrode	S. enteritidis and BL21	N/A	1.0 × 10³ cells/mL; 1.0 × 10⁶ cells/mL	[95]
Gold-plated wire electrode	L. monocytogenes	10³ to 10⁸ CFU/ml	1.4 × 10³ CFU/mL	[96]
Thermoplastic electrodes	E.coli	8.6 to 8.6×10⁷ CFU/mL	27 CFU/mL	[97]
GCE	Streptococcus Pneumoniae	N/A	622 cells/mL	[98]
Gold electrode	Enterococcus faecalis,Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida tropicalis	10¹ to 10⁵ CFU/mL	10 CFU/mL	[99]
Au NPs modified carbon SPE	E. coli	10 to 10⁶ CFU/mL	15 CFU/mL	[100]
MXene/polypyrrol based GCE	Salmonella	10³ to 10⁷ CFU/mL	23 CFU/mL	[101]
SPE	E. coli	10² to 10⁶ CFU/mL	36 CFU/mL	[102]
Interdigitated electrodes	E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and S. aureus	N/A	N/A	[54]
Cationic covalent organic polymer based interdigitated electrode arrays	E. coli	30 to 10¹⁰ CFU/mL	2 CFU/mL	[103]
Interdigitated electrodes	E.coli	N/A	N/A	[104]

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