全钒液流电池的活性物质存在于电解质中，电极不参与反应，但电极是VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ 和V²⁺/V³⁺活性物质吸附，进行电子传递与离子转换的有效场所。促进VO²⁺/VO₂⁺和V²⁺/V³⁺反应的缓慢电荷转移特性是目前全钒液流电池电极材料研究工作的瓶颈，这主要是由于电极催化性能差以及催化剂与电极的附着力弱造成的。针对课题研究进展及以上关键科学问题，本文对当前全钒液流电池用电极材料的设计与制备方法进行了综述。

首先，综述了VRFB的发展历史、工作原理、应用现状以及具有的优缺点；其次，就VRFB在国内外的研究现状，以及发展至今存在的问题进行了归纳总结；再次总结了VRFB电极材料的分类，详述了各类电极的优缺点；最后，梳理了碳基电极材料的制备及在全钒液流电池中的应用，为课题组构筑高效双功能催化剂提供借鉴和实现高效、稳定的全钒液流电池提供的方法和基础。

The redox active species in all-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) reside in the electrolyte, while the heterogeneous reactions occur on the electrode surface; the electrode is therefore the decisive platform for dynamic adsorption, electron transfer, and ion conversion, especially for the VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ and V²⁺/V³⁺ couples. One of the major challenges for VRFB is the slow charge transfer in VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ and V²⁺/V³⁺ reactions, mainly caused by poor catalytic performance of electrodes and weak adhesion of catalysts to electrodes. This review focuses on the key challenges and recent advancements in VRFB. It begins with an overview of VRFB, including their history, working principles, applications, and the advantages and limitations associated with their use. One persistent, under-addressed trade-off is that strategies that boost apparent activity (e.g., high defect density or surface area) can degrade adhesion and cycling durability under flow shear; activity should therefore be co-reported with adhesion and durability descriptors.  Addressing this trade-off is critical to improving overall efficiency and stability in VRFB systems. A comprehensive discussion of various electrode materials is presented, categorized by their properties and preparation methods. Special emphasis is placed on the synthesis and application of carbon-based electrode materials, highlighting their potential in addressing these challenges. Finally, we map materials-level gains to stack- and system-level metrics, and outline strategies, with a focus on bifunctional and in-situ grown catalysts, for achieving high-efficiency, high-stability VRFBs.