低聚离子液体的体相与界面及其电化学储能应用
收稿日期: 2022-08-26
修回日期: 2022-11-12
网络出版日期: 2022-11-14
Oligomeric Ionic Liquids: Bulk, Interface and Electrochemical Application in Energy Storage
Received date: 2022-08-26
Revised date: 2022-11-12
Online published: 2022-11-14
近年来,随着单阳离子液体的发展,新型低聚物离子液体被合成并应用。这类离子液体可看作是由几个重复的单阳离子组合而成,可以通过改变阳离子带电基团、间隔连接的长度或种类、末端链的长度以及阴离子种类来获得更多不同的结构。因此,低聚离子液体有更复杂的微观结构和内部相互作用,决定了其多特征的物化性质和电化学特性,有望满足更多对溶剂性能有特定要求的应用。例如,与单阳离子液体相比,低聚离子液体具有更大的可调节性、更宽的液态温度范围、更高的热稳定性等优点,使其在电化学储能设备中得到越来越多的应用,如用作超级电容器和锂离子电池的电解液。在本综述中,我们系统地总结并详细解释了低聚离子液体的性质和结构(包括单个离子的结构和本体液内部的纳米组织)之间的关联,主要是双阳离子液体和三阳离子液体;概括了低聚离子液体作为超级电容器和锂离子电池的电解液的相关研究,重点阐述了由低聚离子液体和不同类型电极组成的双电层的结构和性能,以及与相应单阳离子液体电解液的比较结果;提供了降低低聚离子液体粘度和加速离子扩散的优化措施,提出了低聚离子液体电解液未来可能面临的主要问题和发展前景。
李丹丹 , 纪翔宇 , 陈明 , 杨燕茹 , 王晓东 , 冯光 . 低聚离子液体的体相与界面及其电化学储能应用[J]. 电化学, 2022 , 28(11) : 2219002 . DOI: 10.13208/j.electrochem.2219002
Over recent years, oligomer ionic liquids (OILs), a novel class of ionic liquids, are becoming preferential electrolytes for high-performance energy-storage devices, such as supercapacitors with enhanced energy density and non-flammable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, structures, properties, and their associations of the up-to-the-minute formulated OILs are systematically summarized and elaborately interpreted, especially for dicationic ionic liquids and tricationic ionic liquids. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of OIL-based electrolytes are presented and analyzed, which are vitally important for supercapacitors and LIBs. Subsequently, the applications of OILs as electrolytes for supercapacitors and LIBs are summarized, with the comparisons of the energy-storage mechanisms and performance between OILs and MILs electrolytes in supercapacitors. Meanwhile, the optimization of the dynamic performance of OILs electrolytes is provided. Finally, the main difficulties and probable perspectives of OIL-based electrolytes are presented for future work. This review would contribute to a deep understanding of OILs and design optimized OIL-based electrolytes for energy storage systems.
[1] | Koohi-Fayegh S, Rosen M A. A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments[J]. J. Energy Storage, 2020, 27: 101047. |
[2] | Abbas Q, Mirzaeian M, Hunt M R C, Hall P, Raza R. Current state and future prospects for electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems[J]. Energies, 2020, 13(21): 5847. |
[3] | Behabtu H A, Messagie M, Coosemans T, Berecibar M, Anlay Fante K, Kebede A A, Mierlo J V. A review of energy storage technologies’ application potentials in renewable energy sources grid integration[J]. Sustainability, 2020, 12(24): 10511. |
[4] | Simon P, Gogotsi Y, Dunn B. Where do batteries end and supercapacitors begin?[J]. Science, 2014, 343: 1210-1211. |
[5] | Yang Y S. A review of electrochemical energy storage researches in the past 22 years[J]. J. Electrochem., 2020, 26(4): 443-463. |
[6] | Daud M Z, Mohamed A, Hannan M A. An improved control method of battery energy storage system for hourly dispatch of photovoltaic power sources[J]. Energy Convers. Manage., 2013, 73: 256-270. |
[7] | Hannan M A, Lipu M, Hussain A, Mohamed A. A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: challenges and recommendations[J]. Renew. Sustain Energy Rev., 2017, 78: 834-854. |
[8] | Niu H Z, Wang L, Guan P, Zhang N, Yan C R, Ding M L, Guo X L, Huang T T, Hu X L. Recent advances in application of ionic liquids in electrolyte of lithium ion batteries[J]. J. Energy Storage, 2021, 40: 102659. |
[9] | Arbizzani C, Gabrielli G, Mastragostino M. Thermal stability and flammability of electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries[J]. J. Power Sources, 2011, 196(10): 4801-4805. |
[10] | Lin X, Salari M, Arava L M R, Ajayan P M, Grinstaff M W. High temperature electrical energy storage: Advances, challenges, and frontiers[J]. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2016, 45(21): 5848-5887. |
[11] | Wang Q S, Jiang L H, Yu Y, Sun J H. Progress of enhancing the safety of lithium ion battery from the electrolyte aspect[J]. Nano Energy, 2019, 55: 93-114. |
[12] | Huang S F, Zhu X L, Sarkar S, Zhao Y F. Challenges and opportunities for supercapacitors[J]. APL Mater., 2019, 7(10): 100901. |
[13] | Chen Y Q, Kang Y Q, Zhao Y, Wang L, Liu J L, Li Y X, Liang Z, He X M, Li X, Tavajohi N, Li B H. A review of lithium-ion battery safety concerns: The issues, strategies, and testing standards[J]. J. Energy Chem., 2021, 59: 83-99. |
[14] | Zhang Q K, Zhang X Q, Yuan H, Huang J Q. Thermally stable and nonflammable electrolytes for lithium metal batteries: Progress and perspectives[J]. Small Science, 2021, 1(10): 2100058. |
[15] | Poonam, Sharma K, Arora A, Tripathi S K. Review of supercapacitors: Materials and devices[J]. J. Energy Storage, 2019, 21: 801-825. |
[16] | Sharma P, Kumar V. Current technology of supercapacitors: A review[J]. J. Electron. Mater., 2020, 49(6): 3520-3532. |
[17] | Horn M, MacLeod J, Liu M, Webb J, Motta N. Supercapacitors: A new source of power for electric cars?[J]. Econ. Anal. Policy, 2019, 61: 93-103. |
[18] | Wang R, Yao M J, Niu Z Q. Smart supercapacitors from materials to devices[J]. InfoMat, 2020, 2(1): 113-125. |
[19] | Ma H L, Zhang Y Y, Shen M H. Application and prospect of supercapacitors in internet of energy(IOE)[J]. J. Energy Storage, 2021, 44: 103299. |
[20] | Yang Y C, Han Y H, Jiang W K, Zhang Y Y, Xu Y M, Ahmed A M. Application of the supercapacitor for energy storage in china: Role and strategy[J]. Appl. Sci.-Basel, 2022, 12(1): 354. |
[21] | Wang Y G, Song Y F, Xia Y Y. Electrochemical capacitors: Mechanism, materials, systems, characterization and applications[J]. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2016, 45(21): 5925-5950. |
[22] | Miller J R, Simon P. Materials science. Electrochemical capacitors for energy management[J]. Science, 2008, 321(5889): 651-652. |
[23] | Pal B, Yang S Y, Ramesh S, Thangadurai V, Jose R. Ele-ctrolyte selection for supercapacitive devices: A critical review[J]. Nanoscale Adv., 2019, 1(10): 3807-3835. |
[24] | Zhang J Y, Yao X H, Misra R K, Cai Q, Zhao Y L. Pro-gress in electrolytes for beyond-lithium-ion batteries[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 44: 237-257. |
[25] | Tang X, Lv S Y, Jiang K, Zhou G H, Liu X M. Recent development of ionic liquid-based electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries[J]. J. Power Sources, 2022, 542: 231792. |
[26] | Yu L P, Chen G Z. Ionic liquid-based electrolytes for supercapacitor and supercapattery[J]. Front. Chem., 2019, 7: 272. |
[27] | Lauw Y, Horne M D, Rodopoulos T, Nelson A, Leermakers F A M. Electrical double-layer capacitance in room temperature ionic liquids: Ion-size and specific adsorption effects[J]. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2010, 114(34): 11149-11154. |
[28] | Lamperski S, Outhwaite C W, Bhuiyan L B. The electric double-layer differential capacitance at and near zero surface charge for a restricted primitive model electrolyte[J]. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2009, 113(26): 8925-8929. |
[29] | Pinilla C, Del Popolo M G, Kohanoff J, Lynden-Bell R M. Polarization relaxation in an ionic liquid confined between electrified walls[J]. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2007, 111(18): 4877-4884. |
[30] | Baldelli S. Surface structure at the ionic liquid-electrified metal interface[J]. Acc. Chem. Res., 2008, 41(3): 421-431. |
[31] | Wang Y L, Li B, Sarman S, Mocci F, Fayer M D. Micro-structural and dynamical heterogeneities in ionic liquids[J]. Chem. Rev., 2020, 120: 5798-5877. |
[32] | Wang X H, Salari M, Jiang D E, Varela J C, Anasori B, Wesolowskl D J, Dai S, Grinstaff M W, Gogotsi Y. Electrode material-ionic liquid coupling for electrochemical energy storage[J]. Nat. Rev. Mater., 2020, 5(11): 787-808. |
[33] | Anderson J L, Ding R F, Ellern A, Armstrong D W. Structure and properties of high stability geminal dicationic ionic liquids[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127(2): 593-604. |
[34] | Liu Q B, Rantwijk F V, Sheldon R A. Synthesis and application of dicationic ionic liquids[J]. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 2006, 81: 401-405. |
[35] | Guglielmero L, Mezzetta A, Guazzelli L, Pomelli C S, D’Andrea F, Chiappe C. Systematic synthesis and properties evaluation of dicationic ionic liquids, and a glance into a potential new field[J]. Front. Chem., 2018, 6: 612. |
[36] | Bhatt D R, Maheria K C, Parikh J K. A microwave assisted one pot synthesis of novel ammonium based dicationic ionic liquids[J]. RSC Adv., 2015, 5(16): 12139-12143. |
[37] | Zhang Z X, Yang L, Luo S C, Tian M, Tachibana K, Kamijima K. Ionic liquids based on aliphatic tetraalkylammonium dications and TFSI anion as potential electrolytes[J]. J. Power Sources, 2007, 167: 217-222. |
[38] | Wang R, Jin CM, Twamley B, Shreeve J M. Syntheses and characterization of unsymmetric dicationic salts incorporating imidazolium and triazolium functionalities[J]. Inorg. Chem., 2006, 45: 6396-6403. |
[39] | Payagala T, Huang J, Breitbach Z S, Sharma P S, Armstrong D W. Unsymmetrical dicationic ionic liquids: Manipuation of physicochemical properties using specific structural architectures[J]. Chem. Mater., 2007, 19: 5848-5850. |
[40] | Chang J C, Ho W Y, Sun I W, Tung Y L, Tsui M C, Wu T Y, Liang S S. Synthesis and characterization of dicationic ionic liquids that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic anions[J]. Tetrahedron, 2010, 66(32): 6150-6155. |
[41] | Brown P, Butts C P, Eastoe J, Hernandez E P, Machado F L D A, Oliveira R J D. Dication magnetic ionic liquids with tuneable heteroanions[J]. Chem. Commun., 2013, 49: 2765. |
[42] | Zhou N, Zhao G Y, Dong K, Sun J, Shao H W. Investigations on a series of novel ionic liquids containing the [closo-B12Cl12]2- dianion[J]. RSC Adv., 2012, 2: 9830-9838. |
[43] | Kuhn B L, Osmari B F, Heinen T M, Bonacorso HG, Zanatta N, Nielsen S O, Ranathunga D T S, Villetti M A, Frizzo C P. Dicationic imidazolium-based dicarboxylate ionic liquids: Thermophysical properties and solubility[J]. J. Mol. Liq., 2020, 308: 112983. |
[44] | Sharma P S, Payagala T, Wanigasekara E, Wijeratne A B, Huang J M, Armstrong D W. Trigonal tricationic ionic liquids: Molecular engineering of trications to control physicochemical properties[J]. Chem. Mater., 2008, 20(13): 4182-4184. |
[45] | Wanigasekara E, Zhang X T, Nanayakkara Y, Payagala T, Moon H, Armstrong D W. Linear tricationic room-temperature ionic liquids: Synthesis, physiochemical properties, and electrowetting properties[J]. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2009, 1(10): 2126-2133. |
[46] | López F I, Ibarra-Sanchez L, Domínguez-Esquivel J M, Miranda-Olvera A D, Bravo R H, Lagunas-Rivera S. Experimental and theoretical study on the synthesis and thermophysical properties of newer tricationic ionic liquids[J]. J. Mol. Struct., 2022, 1263: 133164. |
[47] | Mogurampelly S, Keith J R, Ganesan V. Mechanisms underlying ion transport in polymerized ionic liquids[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2017, 139(28): 9511-9514. |
[48] | Yuan J, Mecerreyes D, Antonietti M. Poly(ionic liquid)s: An update[J]. Prog. Polym. Sci., 2013, 38(7): 1009-1036. |
[49] | Mecerreyes D. Polymeric ionic liquids: Broadening the properties and applications of polyelectrolytes[J]. Prog. Polym. Sci., 2011, 36(12): 1629-1648. |
[50] | Qian W, Texter J, Feng Y. Frontiers in poly(ionic liquid)s: Syntheses and applications[J]. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017, 46.(4): 1124-1159 |
[51] | Matsumoto M, Saito Y, Park C Y, Fukushima T, Aida T. Ultrahigh-throughput exfoliation of graphite into pristine ‘single-layer’ graphene using microwaves and molecularly engineered ionic liquids[J]. Nat. Chem., 2015, 7: 730-736. |
[52] | Matsumoto M, Shimizu S, Sotoike R, Watanabe M, Iwasa Y, Aida T. Exceptionally high electric double layer capacitances of oligomeric ionic liquids[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2017, 139(45): 16072-16075. |
[53] | Vélez J F, Vázquez-Santos M B, Amarilla J M, Herradón B, Morales E. Geminal pyrrolidinium and piperidinium dicationic ionic liquid electrolytes. Synthesis, characterization and cell performance in LiMn2O4 rechargeable lithium cells[J]. J. Power Sources, 2019, 439: 227098. |
[54] | Zhang Z X, Zhou H Y, Yang L, Tachibana K, Kamijima K, Jian X. Asymmetrical dicationic ionic liquids based on both imidazolium and aliphatic ammonium as potential electrolyte additives applied to lithium secondary batteries[J]. Electrochim. Acta, 2008, 53(14): 4833-4838. |
[55] | Li S, Zhu M Y, Feng G. The effects of dication symmetry on ionic liquid electrolytes in supercapacitors[J]. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter., 2016, 28: 464005. |
[56] | Li S, Feng G, Cummings P T. Interfaces of dicationic ionic liquids and graphene: a molecular dynamics simulation study[J]. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 2014, 26(28): 284106. |
[57] | Li S, Van Aken K L, McDonough J K, Feng G, Gogotsi Y, Cummings P T. The electrical double layer of dicationic ionic liquids at onion-like carbon surface[J]. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2014, 118: 3901-3909. |
[58] | Costa R, Pereira C M, Silva A F. Dicationic ionic liquid: Insight in the electrical double layer structure at mercury, glassy carbon and gold surfaces[J]. Electrochim. Acta, 2014, 116: 306-313. |
[59] | Li D D, Yang Y R, Wang X D, Feng G. Electrical double layer of linear tricationic ionic liquids at graphite electrode[J]. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2020, 124: 15723-15729. |
[60] | Lian C, Su H, Liu H, Wu J Z. Electrochemical behavior of nanoporous supercapacitors with oligomeric ionic liquids[J]. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2018, 122(26): 14402-14407. |
[61] | Yeganegi S, Soltanabadi A, Farmanzadeh D. Molecular dynamic simulation of dicationic ionic liquids: Effects of anions and alkyl chain length on liquid structure and diffusion[J]. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2012, 116(37): 11517-11526. |
[62] | Farmanzadeh D, Soltanabadi A, Yeganegi S. DFT study of the geometrical and electronic structures of geminal dicationic ionic liquids 1,3-bis[3-methylimidazolium-1-yl] hexane halides[J]. J. Chin. Chem. Soc., 2013, 60(5): 551-558. |
[63] | Sedghamiz E, Khashei F, Moosavi M. Linear tricationic ionic liquids: Insights into the structural features using DFT and molecular dynamics simulation[J]. J. Mol. Liq., 2018, 271: 96-104. |
[64] | Lopes J N C, Padua A A H. Molecular force field for ionic liquids composed of triflate or bistriflylimide anions[J]. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2004, 108(43): 16893-16898. |
[65] | Li S, Feng G, Cummings P T. Interfaces of dicationic ionic liquids and graphene: A molecular dynamics simulation study[J]. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 2014, 26(28): 284106. |
[66] | Lopes J N C, Deschamps J, Padua A A H. Modeling ionic liquids using a systematic all-atom force field[J]. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2004, 108(6): 2038-2047. |
[67] | Sedghamiz E, Moosavi M. Tricationic ionic liquids: Str-uctural and dynamical properties via molecular dynamics simulations[J]. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2017, 121(8): 1877-1892. |
[68] | Torkzadeh M, Moosavi M. Heterogeneity in microstructures and dynamics of dicationic ionic liquids with symmetric and asymmetric cations-sciencedirect[J]. J. Mol. Liq., 2021, 330: 115632. |
[69] | Bodo E, Chiricotto M, Caminiti R. Structure of geminal imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide dicationic ionic liquids: A theoretical study of the liquid phase[J]. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2011, 115(49): 14341-14347. |
[70] | Khakan H, Yeganegi S. Molecular dynamics simulations of amide functionalized imidazolium bis(trifluoromethan-esulfonyl)imide dicationic ionic liquids[J]. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2017, 121(31): 7455-7463. |
[71] | Prado C E R, Freitas L C G. Molecular dynamics simulation of the room-temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-met-hylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate[J]. Theochem-J. Mol. Struct., 2007, 847(1-3): 93-100. |
[72] | Tariq M, Forte P A S, Costa Gomes M F, Canongia Lopes J N, Rebelo L P N. Densities and refractive indices of imidazolium and phosphonium based ionic liquids: Effect of temperature, alkyl chain length and anion[J]. J. Chem. Thermodyn., 2009, 41(6): 790-798. |
[73] | Mahapatra A, Chakraborty M, Barik S, Sarkar M. Comparison between pyrrolidinium-based and imidazolium-based dicationic ionic liquids: Intermolecular interaction, structural organization, and solute dynamics[J]. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021, 23: 21029. |
[74] | Moosavi M, Khashei F, Sharifi A, Mirzaei M. Transport properties of short alkyl chain length dicationic ionic liquids—the effects of alkyl chain length and temperature[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2016, 55(33): 9087-9099. |
[75] | Ishida T, Shirota H. Dicationic versus monocationic ionic liquids: Distinctive ionic dynamics and dynamical heterogeneity[J]. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2013, 117(4): 1136-1150. |
[76] | Chatterjee K, Pathak A D, Lakma A, Sharma C S, Singh A K. Synthesis, characterization and application of a non-flammable dicationic ionic liquid in lithium-ion battery as electrolyte additive[J]. Sci. Rep., 2020, 10(1): 9606. |
[77] | Vélez J F, Vazquez-Santos M B, Amarilla J M, Tartaj P, Morales E. Asymmetrical imidazolium-trialkylammonium room temperature dicationic ionic liquid electrolytes for Li-ion batteries[J]. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 280: 171-180. |
[78] | Hossein H, Gildeh S F G, Ghauri K, Fathei P. Physicochemical properties of the imidazolium-based dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) composed of ethylene π-spacer by changing the anions: A quantum chemical approach[J]. Ionics, 2020, 26: 1963-1988. |
[79] | Yeganegi S, Sokhanvaran V, Soltanabadi A. Study of thermodynamic properties of imidazolium-based ionic liquids and investigation of the alkyl chain length effect by molecular dynamics simulation[J]. Mol. Simul., 2013, 39(13): 1070-1078. |
[80] | Li D D, Li E C, Yang Y R, Wang X D, Feng G. Structure and capacitance of electrical double layers in tricationic ionic liquids with organic solvents[J]. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2021, 125(46): 12753-12762. |
[81] | Sun H, Zhang D J, Liu C B, Zhang C Q. Geometrical and electronic structures of the dication and ion pair in the geminal dicationic ionic liquid 1,3-bis[3-methylimidazolium-yl]propane bromide[J]. Theochem-J. Mol. Struct., 2009, 900(1-3): 37-43. |
[82] | Alavi S M, Yeganegi S. Computational study of halogen-free boron based dicationic ionic liquids of [bis-mim][bmb]2 and [bis-mim][bscb]2[J]. Spectrochim. Acta, Part A, 2019, 210: 181-192. |
[83] | Li S, Feng G, Ba?uelos J L, Rother G, Fulvio P F, Dai S, Cummings P T. Distinctive nanoscale organization of dicationic versus monocationic ionic liquids[J]. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2013, 117(35): 18251-18257. |
[84] | Li S, Ba?uelos J L, Zhang P F, Feng G, Dai S, Rother G, Cummings P T. Toward understanding the structural heterogeneity and ion pair stability in dicationic ionic liquids[J]. Soft Matter, 2014, 10(45): 9193-9200. |
[85] | Torkzadeh M, Moosavi M. Probing the effect of side alkyl chain length on the structural and dynamical micro-heterogeneities in dicationic ionic liquids[J]. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2020, 124(50): 11446-11462. |
[86] | Serva A, Migliorati V, Lapi A, Aquilanti G, Arcovito A, D’Angelo P. Structural properties of geminal dicationic ionic liquid/water mixtures: A theoretical and experimental insight[J]. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016, 18(24): 16544-16554. |
[87] | Bhargava B L, Klein M L. Nanoscale organization in aqueous dicationic ionic liquid solutions[J]. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2011, 115(35): 10439. |
[88] | Bhargava B L, Klein M L. Formation of interconnected aggregates in aqueous dicationic ionic liquid solutions[J]. J. Chem. Theory Comput., 2010, 6(3): 873. |
[89] | Palchowdhury S, Bhargava B L. Effect of spacer chain length on the liquid structure of aqueous dicationic ionic liquid solutions: Molecular dynamics studies[J]. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2015, 17(17): 11627-11637. |
[90] | Li S, Feng G, Cummings P T. The effects of dicationsymmetry on ionic liquid electrolytes in supercapacitors[J]. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 2016, 28: 464005. |
[91] | Li S, Zhang P, Pasquale F F, Patrick C H, Feng G, Dai S, Peter T C. Enhanced performance of dicationic ionic liquid electrolytes by organic solvents[J]. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 2014, 26(28): 284105. |
[92] | Wagner R, Preschitschek N, Passerini S, Leker J, Winter M. Current research trends and prospects among the various materials and designs used in lithium-based batteries[J]. J. Appl. Electrochem., 2013, 43: 481-496. |
[93] | Vélez J F, Santos M B V, Amarilla J M, Herradón B, Morales E. Geminal pyrrolidinium and piperidinium dicationic ionic liquid electrolytes. Synthesis, characterization and cell performance in LiMn2O4 rechargeable lithium cells[J]. J. Power Sources, 2019, 439: 227098. |
[94] | Xiao D W, Dou Q Y, Zhang L, Ma Y L, Shi S Q, Lei S L, Yu H Y, Yan X B. Optimization of organic/water hybrid electrolytes for high-rate carbon-based supercapacitor[J]. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2019, 29(42): 1904136. |
/
〈 |
|
〉 |