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Figure 4.
(a) CVs of GCO-gCN/GCE electrodes in solutions containing TP in PBS at various pH values and 50 mV∙s
−1
,(b) CVs of GCO-gCN/GCE, GCO, gCN, and bare GCE in the solution containing TP at pH 7.0 and 50 mV∙s
−1
,(c) CVs of GCO-gCN/GCE at different scan rates(10-250 mV∙s
−1
) at pH 7.0 in the presence of TP,(d) The corresponding linear plot of square root scan rate vs. current,(e) CVs of GCO-gCN/GCE with various TP concentrations at pH 7.0 and at 50 mV∙s
−1
,(f) The respective linear plot of TP concentration vs. current. Reproduced with permission of Ref.
[
65
]
. Copyright 2024, Elsevier
Table 5. Electrochemical characteristics of other electrodes as a sensor for TP determination
Table 4. Electrochemical characteristics of carbon-based electrodes as a sensor for TP determination
Table 3. Electrochemical characteristics of screen print carbon electrode as non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for TP detection.
Figure 3.
Schematic representation of the BDD-Au modified aptasensor for the detection of TP. Reproduced with permission of Ref.
[
108
]
. Copyright 2024, Elsevier
Table 2. Electrochemical characteristics of carbon paste electrode as non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for TP detection.
Figure 2.
I): The probable sensing mechanism of TP; II). A. Cyclic voltammograms of TP (0.1 mmol·L
-1
) in PBS of pH 6.0 and at a scan rate of 50 mV∙s
-1
,
II). B. Deviation of Ip(μA) at CPE, and CHL-GO/CPE; III): A. CV curves of 0.1 mmol·L
-1
TP in PBS with different pH values at CHL-GO/CPE; υ = 50 mV∙s
-1
tacc = 0 s, III): B. pH influence on the Ep(V) of TP, C. Variation of Ip(µA) of TP with pH. Reproduced with permission of Ref. [
99
]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier
Table 1. Electrochemical properties of glassy carbon electrode as non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for TP detection.
Figure 1.
The procedures for preparing(a) B/RGO nanosheets and(b) TiO₂@CuO-B/RGO nanocomposites, and designing(c) an electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of UA and TP using the PAMT/AuNPs/TiO₂@CuO-B/RGO nanocomposite. Reproduced with permission of Ref.
[
81
]
. Copyright 2024, Elsevier
Scheme 1.
a). The potential mechanism for the TP oxidation reaction via the hydroxyl pathway. Adapted with permission from Ref.
[
58
]
; b). The potential mechanism for the TP oxidation reaction via the carbonyl pathway. Reproduced with permission of Ref.
[
49
]
. Copyright 2024, Elsevier.
Figure 8.
Anodic polarization curves using CN-550 (a). under different pH (with a catalyst load of 1.00 mg·cm
−2
) and (b). various loadings onto the nickel foam (alkaline media), (c). Anodic polarization curves of the prepared catalysts and (d). corresponding Tafel slopes, (e). LSV curves of g-C
3
N
4
, N-graphene, C
3
N
4
@NG, C
3
N
4
@NG mixture and commercial Pt/C, (f). Interfacial electron transfer in C
3
N
4
@NG. Yellow and cyan iso-surface represents electron accumulation and electron depletion and (g). Free-energy diagram of HER on the surface of C
3
N
4
@NG under different H* coverages (insets: 1/3, 2/3, and 1 with the molecular configurations). Reproduced from [
155
] and [
160
] with permission of Elsevier and Springer.
Figure 7.
(a). High magnification SEM image of CN-15, (b). High magnification TEM image of CN-30 presenting porosity, (c). CV curves for CN-30 at different scan rates and (d). GCD curves of CN-30 at different current density values, (e). CV curves of TGCN in 0.1 mol·L
-1
KOH solution at scanning rate of 100 mV·s
-1
, (f). LSV curves of TGCN, GCNNF and Pt/C electrodes in an O
2
saturated 0.1 mol·L
-1
KOH solution at a scanning rate of 10 mV/s and a rotation speed of 1600 rpm, (g, h). RDE curves of (g) TGCN and (h) GCNNF electrodes in an O
2
saturated 0.1 mol·L
-1
KOH solution with different rotation speeds at a scanning rate of 10 mV·s
-1
. Reproduced from [
129
] and [
133
] with permission of Elsevier and Springer.
Table 2. g-C
3
N
4
based composite for hydrogen production
Figure. 6.
(a). SEM and (b). TEM images of C
3
N
4
-180-H, (c). Photocurrent density, (d). PL emission spectra and (e). Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution plots of C
3
N
4
, C
3
N
4
-180 and C
3
N
4
-180-H, (f-m) XRD, SEM and TEM images of GCNNF and TGCN, and supercapacitors results for GCNNF and TGCN. Reproduced from [
113
] and [
58
,
96
] with permission of Elsevier, American Chemical Society and Ryel Society of Chemistry.
Figure. 5.
(a). SEM and (b). TEM images of M1C
2
with (c). RhB photodegradation kinetics, (d). SEM, (e). HRTEM and (f). AFM images of ultrathin porous g-C
3
N
4
nanofilm with (g). UV-Vis absorption spectra, (h). bandgap values and (i). TC photodeterioration with bulk g-C
3
N
4
and ultrathin porous g-C
3
N
4
nanofilm, (j). High magnification SEM of g-C
3
N
4
, (k). Low magnification TEM of g-C
3
N
4
. Hydrogen evolution with bulk g-C
3
N
4
and g-C
3
N
4
nanosheets under (l). UV-Vis light and (m). visible light, (n). SEM of HTCN, (o). TEM of HTCN, (p). Steady-state PL spectra, (q). Time resolved PL spectra and (r). Hydrogen evolution polts of PCN, TCN and HTCN. Reproduced from [
103
] [
104
] [
110
] and [
111
], with permission of Elsevier and Wiley.
Table 1. g-C
3
N
4
-based composites for organic pollutants photodegradation
Figure 4.
(a). Low magnification SEM of ms-g-C
3
N
4
, (b). high magnification SEM of ms-g-C
3
N
4
, (c). TEM image with SAED pattern (inset) of msg-C
3
N
4
, (d). K-rate plots for RhB, MB and MO photodegradation by g-C
3
N
4
and ms-g-C
3
N
4
, (e). Stability test for 3 cycles with ms-g-C
3
N
4
, (f). SEM of tubular g-C
3
N
4
, (g). TEM of tubular g-C
3
N
4
, (h). Degradation kinetics of bulk g-C
3
N
4
and tubular g-C
3
N
4
for MB and MO photodegradation, (i). Cyclic stability of tubular g-C
3
N
4
for 3 cycles, (j). Low magnification SEM of GCNNF, (k). High magnification SEM of GCNNF and (l). RhB photodeterioration with g-C
3
N
4
and GCNNF, (m, n). TEM images of pg-C
3
N
4
and (o). photocatalytic efficacy for phenol degradation with g-C
3
N
4
and pg-C
3
N
4
, (p). SEM of AcTCN, (q). EIS revealing charge transfer resistance for AcTCN, (r). transient photo-current for AcTCN, (s). Parabens degradation efficacy by CN, TCN and AcTCN and (t). corresponding degradation kinetics. Reproduced from [
58
,
96
] [
95
] [
101
] and [
102
] with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry, American Chemical Society and Elsevier.
Figure 3.
(a). Schematic diagram of top-down and bottom-up synthesis strategies for g-C
3
N
4
nanosheets, (b). Comparison of bulk g-C
3
N
4
and CNNs[
75
],. (c). Schematic illustration of the bottom-up supramolecular self-assembly route for synthesizing 3D g-C
3
N
4
NS [
85
] and (d). The synthesis schematic of 3DOM g-C
3
N
4
[
86
]. Reproduced with the permission of Elsevier.
Figure 2.
(a). Reaction pathway for the development of g-C
3
N
4
using cyanamide as the precursor, (b). Scheme showing a process of obtaining TiO
2
@g-CNQDs and (c). Proposed mechanism for the MO degradation on the CNS composites under NIR irradiation. Reproduced with the permission of Elsevier.
Figure 1.
(a, b). Nitrogen rich molecular precursor with synthesis thermal polymerization temperatures for synthesis of g-C
3
N
4
, (c). triazine and (d). tri-s-triazine (heptazine) structures of g-C
3
N
4
and (e). schematic illustration of the synthesis process of g-C
3
N
4
by thermal polymerization of different precursors such as melamine [
19
], cyanamide [
20
], dicyanamide [
21
], urea [
22
], and thiourea [
23
]. The black, blue, white, red, and yellow balls denote C, N, H, O, and S atoms, respectively. Reproduced with the permission of American Chemical Society and Royal Society of Chemistry.
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