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Figure 5.
Electrochemical performance of the 3.0 V SCs using YP-50 electrodes and the TMF electrolyte. (a) CV curves at different scan rates. (b) GCD curves at different current densities. (c) Specific capacitance at different current densities. (d) Ragone plots for the SCs. (e) Nyquist plot for the SCs. (f) TMF electrolyte applied in pouch-type SCs. Cycling performance at 3.0 V with current densities of (g) 2 A·g
-1
and (h) 5 A·g
-1
.
Figure 4.
Comparisons of voltage tolerance performance in SCs. CV curves of the SCs using YP-50 electrodes and (a)TMF, (b) TEF, (c) TPF electrolytes at a scan rate of 5 mV·s
-1
at different operation voltages. GCD curves of the SCs using (d)TMF, (e) TEF, (f) TPF electrolytes at a current density of 0.5 A·g
-1
. GCD curves of the three-electrode setup using (g)TMF, (h) TEF, (i) TPF electrolytes at 3.0 V.
Figure 3.
Solvation structure investigations of electrolytes. Snapshots and most likely solvation structures of (a) TMF, (b) TEF, (c) TPF electrolytes after MD simulations. Radial distribution function curves of the (d) “N
(TMA
+
/TEA
+
/TPA
+
)
-O
(PC)
”, (g) “N
(FSI
-
)
-C
(PC)
” pairs in different electrolytes. Mean square displacement plots of the (e) “N
(TMA
+
/TEA
+
/TPA
+
)
-O
(PC)
”, (h) “N
(FSI
-
)
-C
(PC)
” pairs in different electrolytes. (f) Binding energies of the “TMA
+
-PC”, “TEA
+
-PC” and “TPA
+
-PC”, complexes from DFT calculations. (i) Frontier molecular orbital energy levels (HOMO and LUMO) of the “TMA
+
-PC”, “TEA
+
-PC” and “TPA
+
-PC” pairs.
Figure 2.
Solvation structure investigations of electrolytes. (a)
1
H NMR spectra, (b)
19
F NMR spectra and (c) FT-IR spectra of the electrolytes. Raman spectra of the characteristic peaks of (d) PC and (e)FSI
-
. (f) Relative distribution diagram.
Figure 1.
Mechanism design of solvation and physicochemical characterizations of electrolytes. (a) Proposed mechanism diagram of the high-voltage solvation structure. (b)
1
H NMR spectra and (c)
19
F NMR spectra of the electrolytes. (d) Thermogravimetric curve of TMA-FSI electrolyte. (e) Physical appearance of TMA-FSI and TMF. (f) Viscosity and conductivity of the electrolyte. (g) ESW of the electrolyte, obtained from LSV tests at a scan rate of 5 mV·s
-1
, with the working electrode: glassy carbon electrode, the reference electrode: Ag/Ag
+
electrode, and the counter electrode: platinum mesh.
Figure 6.
(a) H
2
O
2
production rate and the corresponding Faradaic efficiency. (b) H
2
O
2
production rate under a series of cycles and the corresponding FE; (c) cycle stability and (d, e) methylene blue and rhodamine B (RhB) degradation.
Figure 5.
(a) Simulated velocity field and flow rate at the cross-section of Co-NC and (b) Co-N/HPC.
Figure 4.
(a) Polarization curves of Co-NC and Co-N/HPC; (b) Corresponding electron transfer number (n) and the H
2
O
2
selectivity (H
2
O
2
%); (c) H
2
O
2
RR curves of Co-NC recorded in N
2
-saturated electrolyte (compared with those of Co-N/HPC in O
2
-saturated electrolyte); (d) LSV curves before and after long cycle stability.
Figure 3.
(a) XRD, (b) Raman, (c) Co species content, and (d) N species content of Co-NC and Co-N/HPC.
Figure 2.
(a-c) TEM and HR-TEM images of Co-NC; (d) TEM image (the insert shows pore size distribution); (e) The corresponding HAADF images and the element mapping, and (f) high resolution HAADF-STEM image of Co-N/HPC.
Figure 1.
Schematic of Co-NC and Co-N/HPC synthesis processes.
Fig. 5.
H
2
/air fuel cell polarization and power density curves for cells employing Pt-MnNC and commercial Pt/C cathodes. (a) Initial performance and (b) comparison before and after ADT under high-humidity conditions (RH: anode 100%, cathode 70%). (c) Initial performance and (d) comparison before and after ADT under low-humidity conditions (RH: anode 50%, cathode 50%). (e) MA retention and (f) cell voltage loss at 0.8 A ·cm
-2
after ADT under high-humidity conditions (RH: anode 100%, cathode 70%).
Fig. 4.
RDE-based electrocatalytic ORR activity of Pt-MnNC and commercial Pt/C catalyst. (a) ORR polarization curves; (b) Tafel plots. ORR stability measurements; (c) MA at 0.9 V vs. RHE before and after every 30,000 potential cycles; (d, g) CV curves; (e, h) ORR polarization curves and (f, i) CO stripping voltammograms.
Fig. 3.
(a) XRD pattern of Pt-MnNC. (b) N
2
adsorption-desorption isotherms and (c) corresponding pore size distribution curves of MnNC and Pt-MnNC. (d) N 1s XPS spectrum of Pt-MnNC. (e) Pt 4f XPS spectra of Pt-MnNC and commercial Pt/C catalyst. (f) Pt L
3
-edge XANES spectra, (g) Pt L
3
-edge FT-EXAFS spectra, and (h) Pt L
3
-edge k
3
-weighted wavelet diagrams of Pt-MnNC, Pt foil, and PtO
2
.
Fig. 2.
Characterization of the morphology and structure of Pt-MnNC. (a) SEM image; Exterior and interior Pt NPs localization characterized through (b) SEM image and (c) STEM image; (d) TEM images; (e) HR-TEM image; (f) HAADF-STEM image, and corresponding EDS mapping images.
Fig. 1.
Schematic illustration of the characteristics of (a) conventional carbon-supported Pt catalyst and (b) novel mesoporous carbon-confined Pt catalyst.
Figure 9.
(a) CV curves of a Ni foam electrode in the absence and presence of 0.1 mol·L
-1
EG in borate buffer solution at pH 10 at a scan rate of 10 mV·s
-1
[
81
]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
81
]. Copyright © 2024 Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Product selectivity of the EGOR after 1 h of electrolysis at 5 mA·cm
-2
and various pH conditions for FA, LA, GA, and glyceric acid (GLA). (c) Suggested mechanism for the electrochemical oxidation of EG in borate buffer solution. (d) LSV curves of Pt/CC, Pd/CC, and Au/CC anodes in 1.0 mol·L
-1
PBS with 1.0 mol·L
-1
EG[
83
]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
83
]. Copyright © 2025 Wiley-VCH. (e) FE and selectivity of Pt/CC for glycolaldehyde dimer production during 60 min chronoamperometric electrolysis at varied potentials. (f) Potential-dependent in-situ FTIR spectra of Pt/Co
3
O
4
/CC in 1.0 mol·L
-1
PBS solution with 1.0 mol·L
-1
EG addition. (g) CVs of the β-NiOOH electrode with 0.1 mol·L
-1
EG at pH 7-14 [
82
]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
82
]. Copyright © 2025 American Chemical Society. (h) FEs of the EG oxidation products on β-NiOOH at 1.6 V vs. RHE at different pH values. (i) Schematic comparison of the interfacial dynamics during EGOR in the phosphate and bicarbonate electrolytes.
Figure 8.
In-situ SPA-FTIR spectra of EG oxidation on the Pd electrode in 0.1 mol·L
-1
NaOH with different EG concentrations[
31
]. (a) 2 mmol·L
-1
; (b) 20 mmol·L
-1
; (c) 0.1 mol·L
-1
; (d) 1 mol·L
-1
. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
31
]. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. (e) In-situ FTIR spectra acquired on Pd electrodes under potential-step polarization in 1 mol·L
-1
EG with pH values of 12, 13, 13.3, 14, 14.3 and 14.7[
79
]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
79
]. Copyright © 2011 Royal Society of Chemistry.
Figure 7.
(a) CV curves for EGOR[
62
]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
62
]. Copyright © 2025 Royal Society of Chemistry. In-situ FTIR spectra of (b) Pt
41.8
Cu
51.6
Fe
5.0
Co
1.6
ODNs/C and (c) Pt/C during the EGOR. (d) (PtIr)(FeMoBi) HEI catalysts for EGOR[
77
]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
77
]. Copyright © 2025 Wiley-VCH. I Online differential electrochemical mass spectra (DEMS) of (PtIr)(FeMoBi) in 1 mol·L
-1
KOH with 1 mol·L
-1
EG. (f) In-situ ATR-SEIRAS spectra of (PtIr)(FeMoBi) in the potential range of 0.07-1.32 V vs. RHE. (g) Electrocatalytic activity curves of PtCuFeCoNi MPEA NPs and Pt/C catalysts toward EGOR in 1 mol·L
-1
EG + 1 mol·L
-1
KOH. (h) Fes of various products during EGOR on PtCuFeCoNi. (i) In-situ infrared absorption spectra of PtCuFeCoNi MPEA NPs.
Figure 6.
(a) Effects of the doped Mn amount on TOF, particle size, and binding energy of Pt
0
[
65
]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
65
]. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. (b) Catalytic performance of EG oxidation on the PtMn/MCM-41 (In-70) catalyst. (c) Energy profiles and configuration diagrams of reactants (R), transition states (TS) and products (P) for the oxidation of EG to GA on the Pt (111) and Pt-Mn
2
O
3
(111) models. (d) CVs of three catalysts in 1 mol·L
-1
KOH + 1 mol·L
-1
EG solution[
41
]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
41
]. Copyright © 2026 Elsevier B.V. (e) The schematic diagram of the surface-active sites poisoned by S
2-
for the two catalyst surfaces. (f) Electronic interaction of highly-dispersed Pd with defect-rich nickel disulfide nanoarrays for EG-to-GA[
66
]. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
66
]. Copyright © 2026 Tsinghua University Press. In-situ Raman spectra of (g) Pd-Ni
3-x
Co
x
S
2
@NF and (h) Pd-Ni
3
S
2
@NF at various potentials in 1 mol·L
-1
KOH with 0.5 mol·L
-1
EG.
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