微生物燃料电池以微生物为催化剂将化学能直接转化成电能，可用于废水处理并产生电能，是一种极具应用前景的生物电化学技术. 本文综述了近年来微生物燃料电池电极材料的制备、功能修饰及表面构建等的研究进展，着重介绍了炭基纳米材料的微结构与成分对微生物燃料电池性能的影响，并分析了微生物燃料电池电极材料现存的主要问题，以期不久的将来微生物燃料电池能付之实用.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are devices that can directly convert organic chemical energy into electrical energy with microbial as catalysts. MFCs are a promising bio-electrochemical system with the potential to degrade organic sewage and produce electricity. This article supplies a critical and comprehensive review for the electrode materials concerning about anode and cathode in MFCs, including the fabrications, functional modifications and surface constructions of electrode materials, as well as their applications in MFCs. Additionally, the existing problems of electrode materials in current MFCs have been demonstrated in order to provide the guideline for exploring the next-generation electrode materials for MFCs.