低浓度目标分析物的检测在制药、医疗保健和环境保护等各个领域具有重要意义。茶碱 (TP) 是一种天然生物碱，用作支气管扩张剂，用于治疗哮喘、支气管炎和肺气肿等呼吸系统疾病，但治疗窗口较窄。准确监测 TP 水平至关重要，因为太低或太高都会导致严重的副作用。在这方面，非酶电化学传感器提供了一种具有快速、便携和高灵敏度的实用解决方案。本文旨在对用于TP检测的非酶电化学传感器的最新进展进行全面综述，重点介绍其基本原理、电氧化机制、催化效应以及改性材料对电极性能的作用。本文指出了各种改性材料的重要贡献，包括碳纳米管、石墨烯、金属氧化物和多元素纳米复合材料等纳米材料。还深入讨论了 TP 的电氧化机理，强调了羟基和羰基反应途径受 pH 和电极材料的强烈影响。 这些机制指导针对特定应用选择适当的电极材料。本文的主要贡献是确定可以提高非酶电化学传感器性能的优质改性材料。在最近的一项研究中，基于 TiO₂、CNT 和 AuNP 的多元素纳米复合材料的组合产生了 3 × 10⁻⁵ µM 的最低检测限，反映了这些材料在开发高性能电化学传感器方面的巨大潜力。本文的主要结论是电极材料设计中多学科方法对于支持 TP 检测的灵敏度和选择性的重要性。此外，在理解TP更详细的氧化机制方面仍存在研究空白，特别是在pH变化和复杂环境下。因此，迫切需要进一步研究电极修饰和TP氧化机理分析，以提高传感器的准确性和稳定性，同时扩大其在药物监测和医疗诊断中的应用。通过整合各种创新材料和技术方法，这篇综述有望成为开发高效且经济实惠的非酶电化学传感器的重要参考。

Detection of target analytes at low concentrations is significant in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, healthcare, and environmental protection. Theophylline (TP), a natural alkaloid used as a bronchodilator to treat respiratory disorders such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema, has a narrow therapeutic window with a safe plasma concentration ranging from 55.5-111.0 µM in adults. Accurate monitoring of TP levels is essential because too low or too high can cause serious side effects. In this regard, non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors offer a practical solution with rapidity, portability, and high sensitivity. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the recent developments of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for TP detection, highlighting the basic principles, electro-oxidation mechanisms, catalytic effects, and the role of modifying materials on electrode performance. Carbon-based electrodes such as glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs), carbon paste electrodes (CPEs), and carbon screen-printed electrodes (SPCEs) have become the primary choices for non-enzymatic sensors due to their chemical stability, low cost, and flexibility in modification. This article identifies the significant contribution of various modifying materials, including nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal oxides, and multi-element nanocomposites. These modifications enhance sensors' electron transfer, sensitivity, and selectivity in detecting TP at low concentrations in complex media such as blood plasma and pharmaceutical samples. The electro-oxidation mechanism of TP is also discussed in depth, emphasizing the hydroxyl and carbonyl reaction pathways strongly influenced by pH and electrode materials. These mechanisms guide the selection of the appropriate electrode material for a particular application. The main contribution of this article is to identify superior modifying materials that can improve the performance of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors. In a recent study, the combination of multi-element nanocomposites based on TiO₂, CNTs, and AuNPs resulted in the lowest detection limit of 3 × 10⁻⁵ µM, reflecting the great potential of these materials for developing high-performance electrochemical sensors. The main conclusion of this article is the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in electrode material design to support the sensitivity and selectivity of TP detection. In addition, there is still a research gap in understanding TP's more detailed oxidation mechanism, especially under pH variations and complex environments. Therefore, further research on electrode modification and analysis of the TP oxidation mechanism is urgently needed to improve the accuracy and stability of the sensor while expanding its applications in pharmaceutical monitoring and medical diagnostics. By integrating various innovative materials and technical approaches, this review is expected to be an essential reference for developing efficient and affordable non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.