Figure 1(A) Schematic illustration of mediated electron transfer pathways catalyzed by Fd-Glts[43]. Reproduced with permission of Ref. 43, copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. (B) Schematic illustration of aptCFE and typical current response of in vivo DA dynamics upon electrical stimulation[46]. Reproduced with permission of Ref. 46, copyright 2020 WILEY-VCH. (color on line)